What is the formula of normality? How do I calculate normality?

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Chemistry FormulasFormula NameFormulaVariablesApplicationNormalityN = (Number of gram equivalents of solute) / (Volume of solution in L)N = NormalityGram equivalents = Mass/Equivalent weightUsed to express concentration of solutions in acid-base and redox reactionsNormality (Alternative)N = M × nN = NormalityM = Molarityn = Number of equivalentsConverting molarity to normalityMolarityM = (Number of moles of solute) / (Volume of solution in L)M = MolarityMoles = Mass/Molar massMost common concentration unitMolalitym = (Number of moles of solute) / (Mass of solvent in kg)m = MolalityMass of solvent in kgTemperature-independent concentrationEquivalent WeightEquivalent Weight = Molecular Weight / ValencyValency = Number of replaceable H⁺ or OH⁻ ionsUsed in normality calculationsStatistics FormulasFormula NameFormulaVariablesApplicationNormal Distribution (PDF)f(x) = (1/(σ√(2π))) × e^(-½((x-μ)/σ)²)f(x) = Probability densityμ = Meanσ = Standard deviationx = VariableDescribes bell-shaped probability distributionStandard Normal DistributionZ = (X - μ) / σZ = Standard normal variableX = Original variableμ = Population meanσ = Population standard deviationConverting to standard normal formNormal Distribution (CDF)Φ(z) = ∫_{-∞}^z (1/√(2π)) × e^(-t²/2) dtΦ(z) = Cumulative probabilityz = Standard normal variableFinding probabilities under normal curvePhysics FormulasFormula NameFormulaVariablesApplicationNormal Force (Horizontal Surface)N = mgN = Normal forcem = Massg = Acceleration due to gravityForce perpendicular to surfaceNormal Force (Inclined Plane)N = mg cos θθ = Angle of inclinationObject on inclined surfaceNormal Stressσ = F / Aσ = Normal stressF = Applied forceA = Cross-sectional areaStress perpendicular to surfaceNormal Strainε = ΔL / L₀ε = Normal strainΔL = Change in lengthL₀ = Original lengthDeformation per unit lengthMathematics FormulasFormula NameFormulaVariablesApplicationVector Normalizationû = u / ||u||û = Unit vectoru = Original vector||u|| = Magnitude of vectorCreating unit vectorsL2 Normalizationx_norm = x / √(Σx²)x_norm = Normalized valuex = Original valueΣx² = Sum of squaresData preprocessing in machine learningMin-Max Normalizationx_norm = (x - x_min) / (x_max - x_min)x_norm = Normalized valuex_min = Minimum valuex_max = Maximum valueScaling data to [0,1] rangeNormal Vector to Linen⃗ = (A, B) for line Ax + By + C = 0n⃗ = Normal vectorA, B = CoefficientsPerpendicular vector to lineNormal Vector to Planen⃗ = (A, B, C) for plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0n⃗ = Normal vectorA, B, C = CoefficientsPerpendicular vector to planeEconomics FormulasFormula NameFormulaVariablesApplicationNormal ProfitNormal Profit = Total Revenue - (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)When Normal Profit = 0, firm earns exactly its opportunity costBreak-even point in economicsEconomic ProfitEconomic Profit = Total Revenue - Total Opportunity CostTotal Opportunity Cost includes both explicit and implicit costsTrue economic performance measure

Formula Name	Formula	Variables	Application
Normality	N = (Number of gram equivalents of solute) / (Volume of solution in L)	N = Normality Gram equivalents = Mass/Equivalent weight	Used to express concentration of solutions in acid-base and redox reactions
Normality (Alternative)	N = M × n	N = Normality M = Molarity n = Number of equivalents	Converting molarity to normality
Molarity	M = (Number of moles of solute) / (Volume of solution in L)	M = Molarity Moles = Mass/Molar mass	Most common concentration unit
Molality	m = (Number of moles of solute) / (Mass of solvent in kg)	m = Molality Mass of solvent in kg	Temperature-independent concentration
Equivalent Weight	Equivalent Weight = Molecular Weight / Valency	Valency = Number of replaceable H⁺ or OH⁻ ions	Used in normality calculations

Formula Name	Formula	Variables	Application
Normal Distribution (PDF)	f(x) = (1/(σ√(2π))) × e^(-½((x-μ)/σ)²)	f(x) = Probability density μ = Mean σ = Standard deviation x = Variable	Describes bell-shaped probability distribution
Standard Normal Distribution	Z = (X - μ) / σ	Z = Standard normal variable X = Original variable μ = Population mean σ = Population standard deviation	Converting to standard normal form
Normal Distribution (CDF)	Φ(z) = ∫_{-∞}^z (1/√(2π)) × e^(-t²/2) dt	Φ(z) = Cumulative probability z = Standard normal variable	Finding probabilities under normal curve

Formula Name	Formula	Variables	Application
Normal Force (Horizontal Surface)	N = mg	N = Normal force m = Mass g = Acceleration due to gravity	Force perpendicular to surface
Normal Force (Inclined Plane)	N = mg cos θ	θ = Angle of inclination	Object on inclined surface
Normal Stress	σ = F / A	σ = Normal stress F = Applied force A = Cross-sectional area	Stress perpendicular to surface
Normal Strain	ε = ΔL / L₀	ε = Normal strain ΔL = Change in length L₀ = Original length	Deformation per unit length

Formula Name	Formula	Variables	Application
Vector Normalization	û = u / \|\|u\|\|	û = Unit vector u = Original vector \|\|u\|\| = Magnitude of vector	Creating unit vectors
L2 Normalization	x_norm = x / √(Σx²)	x_norm = Normalized value x = Original value Σx² = Sum of squares	Data preprocessing in machine learning
Min-Max Normalization	x_norm = (x - x_min) / (x_max - x_min)	x_norm = Normalized value x_min = Minimum value x_max = Maximum value	Scaling data to [0,1] range
Normal Vector to Line	n⃗ = (A, B) for line Ax + By + C = 0	n⃗ = Normal vector A, B = Coefficients	Perpendicular vector to line
Normal Vector to Plane	n⃗ = (A, B, C) for plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0	n⃗ = Normal vector A, B, C = Coefficients	Perpendicular vector to plane

What is the formula of normality? How do I calculate normality?

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