What is the full form of PCR? Explain the use of PCR in biotechnology.

PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is a revolutionary laboratory technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, making millions of copies from a small initial sample.

How PCR Works: PCR involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling that allow for the denaturation of DNA, annealing of primers, and extension by a DNA polymerase enzyme. This process exponentially increases the amount of target DNA, enabling detailed analysis even from minute samples.

Applications in Biotechnology:

• Molecular Cloning and DNA Sequencing: PCR allows researchers to amplify genes or DNA fragments for insertion into vectors, sequencing, or further manipulation.

• Forensic Science: PCR is used to analyze tiny DNA samples from crime scenes, enabling identification through genetic fingerprinting.

• Medical Diagnostics: PCR detects the presence of pathogens (viruses, bacteria) in patient samples by amplifying their genetic material. It is widely used for diagnosing infectious diseases, including COVID-19.

• Genetic Testing: PCR helps identify genetic mutations, hereditary diseases, and is used in paternity testing.

• Research and Gene Expression Studies: Variants like RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription PCR) are used to study gene expression by converting RNA to DNA before amplification.

• Environmental and Agricultural Biotechnology: PCR assists in the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), monitoring biodiversity, and studying environmental samples.

Types of PCR:

• Standard PCR: Routine DNA amplification.

• Real-Time PCR: Quantifies DNA during the amplification process.

• Multiplex PCR: Amplifies multiple targets simultaneously.

• Nested PCR: Improves specificity for forensic or ancient DNA samples.

PCR’s ability to generate large amounts of DNA from minimal starting material has transformed biotechnology, enabling rapid advancements in medicine, agriculture, and research.