What is the Function of Peptidoglycan in the Bacterial Cell Wall?

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Detailed Solution

Peptidoglycan (also called murein) is a heteropolysaccharide that forms the rigid cell wall of most bacteria. It is made of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by β(1→4) bonds, with short peptide chains connecting them.

Functions:

Provides Structural Strength: Peptidoglycan gives the bacterial cell wall its rigidity, helping maintain shape and preventing collapse.
Protects Against Osmotic Pressure: Bacteria live in environments where water can enter freely. The strong peptidoglycan layer prevents the cell from bursting due to osmotic lysis.
Determines Cell Shape: Depending on its structure, it defines bacterial shape—cocci (round), bacilli (rod), etc.
Site for Antibiotic Action: Many antibiotics (like penicillin) inhibit enzymes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis, causing bacterial death.

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