What is the geographical importance of the Ganga River in Bihar’s economy?

The Ganga River (Ganges) is the geographical and economic lifeline of Bihar. Its importance is paramount:

• Backbone of Agriculture: The Ganga and its tributaries have deposited deep, fertile alluvial soil across the Bihar plains. This makes the region a "grain bowl" and highly productive for crops like rice, wheat, maize, and sugarcane.
• Source of Irrigation: The river is the primary source of water for Bihar's extensive canal irrigation systems, as well as for tubewells in the adjoining areas, ensuring water for crops beyond the monsoon.
• Water Transport (Inland Waterways): The Ganga is navigable throughout Bihar and is part of National Waterway 1 (NW-1). It provides a cheap and efficient mode of transport for bulk goods (like cargo) from Patna to major ports like Haldia.
• Urban and Industrial Hub: Almost all of Bihar's major cities and historical capitals, such as Patna (Pataliputra), Munger, and Bhagalpur, are located on the banks of the Ganga, leveraging it for trade, water supply, and transport.

Fisheries and Livelihood: The river supports a large fishing industry, providing a livelihood for thousands of families along its banks.