What is the source of ground water?

Groundwater mainly comes from rainfall and snowmelt that seep through soil and rocks, filling pores and fractures beneath the Earth’s surface. This stored water collects in underground layers known as aquifers. Smaller contributions also come from the seepage of rivers, lakes, and ponds. The entire process is part of the hydrologic cycle, where surface water naturally replenishes underground reservoirs.

Process of Groundwater Formation:

1. Precipitation – Rainfall and snowmelt fall on the Earth’s surface.
2. Infiltration – Water seeps into the soil through pores and cracks.
3. Percolation – Water moves downward through layers of soil and rock.
4. Accumulation in Aquifers – Water collects in permeable underground layers called aquifers, filling pores and fractures.
5. Recharge – Additional seepage from rivers, lakes, and ponds also replenishes groundwater.

This entire process is a key part of the hydrologic cycle, ensuring continuous movement and storage of water underground.

Other Sources of Groundwater:

• Seepage from Rivers and Streams – Surface water slowly infiltrates into underground layers.
• Lakes and Ponds – Natural and artificial water bodies contribute through leakage into the soil.
• Irrigation Return Flow – Excess water from agricultural fields percolates down to recharge aquifers.
• Leakage from Canals and Reservoirs – Man-made water storage and distribution systems often allow seepage.
• Snow and Glacier Melt – Seasonal meltwater percolates into the ground in hilly and mountainous regions.
• Artificial Recharge – Human activities like check dams, percolation tanks, and recharge wells add to groundwater storage.