What methods were used by Europeans to recruit and retain labour in Africa?

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Heavy taxes were imposed.

Inheritance laws were changed.

Mineworkers were confined to compounds.

All of the above

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

Europeans used heavy taxes, inheritance laws, confining mineworkers etc., to recruit and retain labour in Africa.
Europeans were attracted to Africa in the late nineteenth century, but there wasn't enough labour available that would work for wages. So employers employed a variety of techniques to find and keep workers. Accordingly, high taxes were imposed that could only be paid by working on mines and plantations for wages. Changes were also made in inheritance laws, which only permitted one family member to inherit the land and thus forced the other members into the labour force. Consequently, peasants were compelled off their land and into the cities. In addition, mine workers were confined in compounds and prohibited from moving.

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