Which cell structures are affected during plasmolysis?

During plasmolysis, several structures change visibly. The plasma membrane detaches from the cell wall, creating a space between them. The central vacuole loses water and shrinks dramatically since most water loss occurs from it. The cytoplasm becomes concentrated and retracts toward the cell’s center, sometimes forming strands that connect to the cell wall. The nucleus may shift position due to reduced cytoplasmic volume. 

The cell wall itself remains unchanged because it’s rigid and made of cellulose. However, the loss of turgor pressure causes the cell to lose firmness, making leaves and stems wilt. Chloroplasts may clump together near the center instead of being pressed against the wall. Functionally, enzyme activity and photosynthesis slow because less water is available for reactions. The structural separation of the membrane from the wall is the key hallmark of plasmolysis and indicates severe water stress.