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Q.

Which of the following can be associated with the concept of Lanthanoid contraction?

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a

Size of  Zr = Hf

b

Shielding of one 4f electron by another is less, than that of one d-electron by another

c

Similar chemical and physical properties of Nb and Ta

d

All of the above

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

Zr and Hf have atomic radiuses of 206 pm and 208 pm, respectively.

The inadequate sheathing effect of one 4f electron by another in the subshell is the cause of lanthanoid contraction.

The quantity of valence electrons and the characteristics of Nb and Ta are comparable. We refer to them as chemical twins.

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