Which of the following direction has been observed in the evolutionary history of terrestrial plants

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from flowering plants towards non flowering plants

from dependent gametophyte towards independent gametophyte

from seed based reproduction towards spores based reproduction

multicellular independent gametophytic stage to highly reduced dependent gametophytic stage

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

In lower plants like algae and bryophytes the dominant stage is gametophyte which is multicellular, photosynthetic and independent. As the evolution progressed towards pteridophytes ,gymnosperms and angiosperms there is a significant reduction in the size of gametophyte. The gametophytic stage in these groups of plants is highly reduced, few celled and short lived structure. In pteridophytes though the gametophyte is short lived it is free living and photosynthetic. However, in gymnosperms and angiosperms the the gametophyte is few celled, non photosynthetic and dependent on sporophyte

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