Which of the following practices can improve the water-holding capacity of soil? 

Adding organic matter can improve the water-holding capacity of the soil.

Water holding capacity refers to the ability of the soil to hold onto water, which is important for plant growth and survival. Organic matter, such as compost or decomposing plant material, can improve soil structure by creating pore spaces that hold water and allow for airflow. Additionally, organic matter can help the soil retain moisture, making it available for plant uptake over time.

Overwatering plants can actually decrease the water-holding capacity of the soil, as excess water can saturate the soil and lead to compaction or waterlogging. Applying chemical fertilizers can also have negative impacts on soil structure and water-holding capacity over time, as they can lead to soil acidity or nutrient imbalances that negatively impact plant growth.

Removing topsoil can also reduce the water-holding capacity of the soil, as topsoil is generally the most nutrient-rich and water-retentive layer of soil. Removing it can leave behind less fertile or compacted soils that are less able to hold onto water.