Which pastoral tribes depended on the alternation of the monsoon and dry season for their cycle of seasonal movement?

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Kurumas

Kinnauris

Gollas

Both (1) & (3)

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

The cyclical movement of pastoral communities of Kurumas and Gollas depended on the coming of the monsoons and the beginning of the dry season, unlike the pastoral tribes living in the mountains, who scheduled their movements based on the arrival of cold weather and snow. Both the Kurumas and Gollas inhabited the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The Gollas, for their livelihood, herded cattle, and the Kurumas reared sheep and goats and weaved blankets. The summer made the dry central plateau of the states uninhabitable for the animals, so both communities shifted to the coastal areas. But with the arrival of rains, they again moved to the plateau area.

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