Which structure on the tongue is responsible for distinguishing between various food flavours?

Taste buds are the structures on the tongue that distinguish between different food flavours.

Each taste bud is made up of taste receptor cells that detect various tastes such as sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory). 

Food stimulates taste receptor cells and sends signals to the brain, which are interpreted as specific tastes when it enters the mouth and comes into contact with the taste buds. 

The distribution of taste buds on different regions of the tongue, as well as the presence of different types of taste receptors in each region, allows us to experience a variety of tastes and differentiate between the flavours of different foods.