Who was excluded from political and economic powers?

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First estates

Bourgeoisie

None of the above

All of the above

answer is B.

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Detailed Solution

The bourgeoisie was excluded from political and economic powers.
The bourgeoisie, including the merchants, producers, and professionals, had risen to positions of financial influence but were shut out of political power. They belonged to the Third Estate during the Old Régime because they were neither clergy nor nobility. The bourgeoisie sought to advance the social hierarchy codified in the Estate system, given their solid economic position and ambitions on a class-wide level. However, the bourgeoisie was enraged by the nobles' contempt for them and their attempts to keep them from rising. The nobles were enraged that such bourgeoisie was joining their ranks. As a result, social tension existed between the dominating classes during the French Revolution.

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