Why did the quality of pastures decline?

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Urbanisation

Continuous intensive grazing

Restriction of pastoral movement

Both (2) & (3)

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

The quality of pastures declines due to continuous intensive grazing and the Restriction of religious movement. The arrival of the British brought drastic changes in the lives of pastoralists. One change indirectly caused by the British was the decline in the quality of their grazing lands or pastures. Both in India and Africa, the number of fields started diminishing. In India, grazing lands were taken over by the British to be given to particular individuals who had the responsibility of expanding cultivation. While in the African continent, grazing lands of the Maasais were seized for British settlements and for building game reserves, peasant communities were encouraged by the colonisers to expand cultivation. Several restrictions were also placed on their religious movement making grazing lands more inaccessible. Thus their herds continued to graze on the limited land intensively, leading to an exhaustion of the vegetation growth and gradually a degradation in the quality of pastures.

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