Why is it hotter for the same distance over the top of a candle than it is on the side of its flame?

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Conduction of heat in air is upward

Heat is maximum radiated in upward direction

Radiation and conduction both contribute to transferring heat upwards.

Convection takes more heat in an upward direction.

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

Concept: The hot air naturally rises because it is less dense or lighter than the colder air around it, which causes the region above the flame to be hotter than the areas on either side of it.
The side of the fire from which we are receiving radiant heat is. The temperature shift in the hot air at the top causes the real burn chemicals to emerge along with the less dense air.
We are aware that each of the three mechanisms for transferring heat:
The first is radiation; infrared waves radiate heat when they are absorbed by an item. These waves originate from a heat source and go outward.
The second type is conduction, where the heat energy is immediately transferred from one molecule to another, warming the one behind it. It works best with solids.
Convection is the third and only applies to liquids and gases. Molecules absorb heat, but conduction keeps it close to or inside the heat source.
The only types of heat transport that matter in an open fire are convection and radiation. We may feel the heat from the radiation when the hand is close to a fire. Given that the heat is coming straight from the fire, it is noticeable but not as severe.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

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