Why was nineteenth-century indenture described as a new system of slavery?

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The living and working conditions of labour were harsh.

There were few legal rights.

Many of them escaped, though if caught, they faced severe punishment.

All of the above.

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

Indentured labour in the nineteenth century was considered a new system of slavery because of harsh living conditions, few legal rights, and severe punishment for those who tried to escape the system.
Many ran away into the forest but faced severe punishment when captured. Indentured labourers in India were hired under contracts that guaranteed them a journey home after completing five years of service on their employer's plantation. Moreover, these workers' working and living conditions were harsh, and they did not enjoy legal rights. But most indentured servants continued working when their contracts expired or, after a brief stay in India, returned to their new homes.

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