First slide

Atomic and physical properties

Question

The relative stability of +1 oxidation state of group 13 elements follows the order

Easy

A

Al < Ga < Tl < In
B

Al < Ga < ln < Tl
C

Tl < In < Ga < Al
D

Ga < Al < In < Tl

Solution

The stability order of +3 and +1 oxidation states of group 13 elements will be :
B⁺³ > Al⁺³ > Ga⁺³ > In⁺³ >> Tl⁺³ (order of +3 oxidation state)
B⁺<< Al⁺ < Ga⁺ < In⁺ < Tl⁺ (order of +1 oxidation state)
The presence of two oxidation states in p-block elements is due to the inert pair effect. Because of the presence of poor shielding d and f-orbitals, as we move from Ga to Tl, effective nuclear charge of these elements increases so as to hold the valence ns²- electrons tightly. It causes difficulty to the ionisation of ns²- electrons and it remains inert, only np¹ - electrons ionises to give +1 oxidation state.

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