The second ionisation enthalpies of elements are always higher than their first ionisation enthalpies because
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a
cation formed always have stable half-filled or completely filled valence shell electron configuration.
b
It is easier to remove electron from cation.
c
ionisation is an endothermic process.
d
the cation is smaller than its parent atom.
answer is D.
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Detailed Solution
As elements are ionized, the proton to electron ratio increases, so the attraction between valence shell electron and nucleus increases and as a result the size decreases. Therefore, the removal of electron from smaller cation requires higher energy. Hence the second ionization enthalpy is greater than its first ionization enthalpy.