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Q.

In the energy band diagram of a material shown below, the open circles and filled circles denote holes and electrons respectively. The material is a/an

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a

p-type semiconductor

b

insulator

c

metal

d

n-type semiconductor

answer is A.

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Detailed Solution

The given figure represents p-type  semiconductor  as described below. When one of the silicon atoms (valence= 4)  has been replaced by an atom of aluminium (valence = 3),  the aluminium  atom can bond  covalently  with only  three silicon atoms, so there is now a "missing" electron(a hole) in one  aluminium-silicon bond. With a small expenditure  of energy,  an electron can be tom from a neighbouring silicon-silicon bond to fill this hole, thereby  creating a hole in that bond. Similarly, an electron from some other bond can be moved to fill the second hole. In this way, the hole can migrate through the lattice.The aluminium atom is called an acceptor atom because it readily accepts an electron from a neighbouring  bond that  is from the valence band of silicon. As figure suggests, this electron occupiesa localized  acceptor  state  that  lies  within  the  energy gap, at an average energy interval Ea above the top of the valence band.
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