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a
The gravitational effect of the moon on the earth
b
The gravitational effect of the sun on the earth
c
The gravitational effect of venus on the earth
d
The atmospheric effect of the earth itself
answer is A.
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Detailed Solution
Moon is a massive object which is closer to earth as compared to Sun. Hence, it has a large gravitational force associated with it. Just like the Earth exerts a force on the Moon, Moon also exerts a force on the Earth. This force pulls the water on the surface of the Earth towards it. Thereby causing tides. When the Moon is facing a particular part of the Earth, it causes tides in that region.