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a
Smaller alveoli; increased surface area for gas exchange
b
Smaller alveoli; decreased surface area for gas exchange
c
Larger alveoli; increased surface area for gas exchange
d
Larger alveoli; decreased surface area for gas exchange
answer is D.
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Detailed Solution
In emphysema, alveolar walls are damaged due to the destruction of elastic fibres. This results in larger and fewer alveoli and the total surface area for gas exchange decreases. One major cause of emphysema is cigarette smoking.