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a
Host specific parasites and their hosts are co-evolved.
b
In competition, r (intrinsic rate of natural increase) of both competing species are decreased.
c
In case of brood parasitism, crow is unable to identify between its own eggs and cuckoos eggs.
d
Introduction of sheep on Galapagos Islands has resulted in extinction of Abingdon tortoise.
answer is D.
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Detailed Solution
'Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle'If the resources are limited, two closely related species competing for the same resources cannot co-exist indefinitely and the competitively inferior species have to be eliminated.Example: Within a decade after introduction of goats in Galapagos Islands, Abingdon tortoise became extinct due to the greater browsing efficiency of the goats.