NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Chemistry - Free Latest PDF (2025-26)

When it comes to excelling in chemistry, having a strong foundation is key. Understanding the complex world of chemical reactions, tiny building blocks of substances, and the intricate elements might seem overwhelming at times. This is where the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry become invaluable, helping students navigate the subject with ease.

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has long been a trusted provider of quality study materials. NCERT Chemistry Class 12 solutions are designed specifically to assist students in mastering every aspect of chemistry. Whether you’re struggling with complex concepts, practicing problems, or preparing for your exams, these solutions are here to guide you through your chemistry journey.

You can easily access these solutions in both books and as NCERT Chemistry Class 12 PDF files. This flexibility allows you to learn at your own pace, whenever and wherever suits you best. Whether you’re looking to build a solid understanding of chemistry or aiming for top marks, these solutions cater to all types of learners.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 cover a wide range of topics from the basics of chemical reactions to the deeper understanding of elements and compounds. Each chapter is explained in a simple, easy-to-follow way, ensuring that no topic feels too difficult to grasp. Whether you're focusing on a specific chapter or need guidance for the entire CBSE Class 12 Chemistry syllabus, the chemistry Class 12 NCERT PDF has everything you need. With these chemistry NCERT solutions Class 12, you can approach your studies with confidence and clarity.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry

• Chapter 1: The Solid State
• Chapter 2: Solutions
• Chapter 3: Electrochemistry
• Chapter 4: Chemical Kinetics
• Chapter 5: Surface Chemistry
• Chapter 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
• Chapter 7: The p-Block Elements
• Chapter 8: The d & f Block Elements
• Chapter 9: Coordination Compounds
• Chapter 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Chapter 11: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
• Chapter 12: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
• Chapter 13: Amines
• Chapter 14: Biomolecules
• Chapter 15: Polymers
• Chapter 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry: Chapter Details and Exercises

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1: The Solid State

“The Solid State” is a chapter in Class 12 Chemistry that explores the fundamental characteristics and properties of solids. Solids are one of the three classical states of matter, alongside liquids and gases. In this chapter, the focus is on the structure, types, and properties of solids.

Structure of Solids: Solids have a closely packed arrangement of particles. The arrangement can be crystalline, where particles are ordered in a repeating pattern, or amorphous, where particles lack long-range order. The concept of unit cells and crystal lattices is introduced to describe the arrangement of particles in a crystalline solid.

Types of Solids: Solids are categorized into different types based on the nature of their bonding and arrangement of particles. Ionic solids consist of positively and negatively charged ions held together by electrostatic forces. Covalent network solids involve a network of covalent bonds throughout the structure. Metallic solids are composed of positively charged metal cations surrounded by a “sea” of delocalized electrons. Molecular solids are formed by individual molecules held together by intermolecular forces.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 The Solid State at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 – The Solid State
• Understanding the Solid State: Properties, Structures, and Types of Solids
• The Solid State in Chemistry: An In-depth Introduction to Crystals and Lattices
• Important Questions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 The Solid State

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2: Solutions

A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. It consists of a solvent (the component present in larger quantity) and one or more solutes (components dissolved in the solvent). Solutions are an integral part of everyday life and are encountered in various contexts, from beverages to industrial processes.

Key Concepts

• Solubility: This refers to the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure. Solubility can vary greatly depending on the nature of the solute and solvent.
• Concentration: Concentration measures the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solution. Common units include molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution) and molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent).
• Colligative Properties: These are properties of a solution that depend on the number of solute particles rather than their nature. Examples include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression.
• Factors Affecting Solubility: Temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solute and solvent influence solubility. For example, the solubility of most solid solutes increases with temperature, while gas solubility typically decreases with increasing temperature.

Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions: A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature. An unsaturated solution has room for more solute, while a supersaturated solution contains more solute than it would normally dissolve under that condition.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 – Solutions
• Solutions – Definition, Examples, Properties, Types and Expressing Concentrations of Solutions
• Important Topic: Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 3: Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions. It explores how chemical reactions can generate electricity (as in batteries) or how electricity can drive chemical reactions (as in electrolysis). This field is crucial in various applications ranging from batteries that power our devices to industrial processes like electroplating and the production of chemicals.

In more detail, electrochemistry involves the study of redox reactions (reduction-oxidation reactions), where electrons are transferred between species. A half-cell is a compartment that contains an electrode immersed in an electrolyte solution. In a redox reaction, one half-cell undergoes oxidation (loses electrons) while the other undergoes reduction (gains electrons). The anode is where oxidation occurs, releasing electrons into the circuit, and the cathode is where reduction occurs, accepting those electrons.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 3 Electrochemistry at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 3 – Electrochemistry
• Important Topic of Chemistry: Electrochemistry
• Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 3 Electrochemistry
• Electrochemistry – Introduction, Types, and FAQs

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 4: Chemical Kinetics

Chemical Kinetics is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of rates of chemical reactions and the factors that influence these rates. It aims to understand how and why reactions occur at different speeds. The key concepts in chemical kinetics include reaction rates, rate laws, reaction mechanisms, and factors affecting reaction rates.

• Reaction Rate: The rate of a chemical reaction is the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit of time. It is usually expressed as the rate of disappearance of reactants or appearance of products.
• Rate Laws: Rate laws describe the relationship between the concentrations of reactants and the rate of the reaction. The general form is often expressed as: Rate = k[A]^m[B]^n, where k is the rate constant, and m and n are the reaction orders with respect to reactants A and B, respectively.
• Reaction Mechanisms: Many reactions occur through a series of elementary steps, each with its own reaction rate and molecularity (number of reactant particles involved). The overall rate of the reaction is determined by the slowest step, known as the rate-determining step.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 4 Chemical Kinetics at Infinity Learn

1. NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 4 – Chemical Kinetics
2. Chemical Kinetics Viva Questions with Answers
3. Important Questions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 4 Chemical Kinetics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 5: Surface Chemistry

Surface Chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, usually between a solid and a gas or liquid. It explores the interactions, reactions, and properties of substances occurring at surfaces and interfaces. This field is important because the surface properties of materials often significantly differ from their bulk properties due to the high surface area-to-volume ratio.

At the heart of surface chemistry are processes like adsorption and catalysis. Adsorption is the accumulation of molecules or ions at the surface of a substance. It can be classified into two types: physisorption, involving weak van der Waals forces, and chemisorption, involving stronger chemical bonds. Adsorption plays a crucial role in various applications like gas masks, catalysis, and chromatography.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 5 Surface Chemistry at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 5 – Surface Chemistry
• Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 5 Surface Chemistry
• Surface Chemistry – Adsorption, Catalysis, Colloids, Emulsions and Examples

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

This chapter delves into the fundamental principles and methods employed for the extraction of metals from their ores. It explores the processes that allow us to isolate pure metals from complex compounds present in nature. The main goal of these processes is to obtain metals in their elemental form, which is crucial for their various applications.

The chapter covers several key concepts:

• Occurrence of Metals: It discusses the distribution of metals in the Earth’s crust and the various types of ores from which metals are extracted.
• Principles of Metallurgy: The principles of reduction, oxidation, and electrolysis are explained. These principles are at the core of the processes used to extract metals.
• The concentration of Ores: Before extraction, ores are often impure and mixed with non-metallic compounds. Different methods of concentration, such as froth floatation, magnetic separation, and leaching, are explained.
• Extraction Processes: Various extraction methods, including roasting, calcination, smelting, and refining, are detailed for different types of ores and metals.
• Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Principles: The chapter delves into the thermodynamics of reduction and the electrochemical series, which are crucial for understanding the feasibility of extraction processes.
• Hydrometallurgy and Electrometallurgy: Different methods of extraction, such as hydrometallurgy (using aqueous solutions) and electrometallurgy (using electrolysis), are explored.
• Metallurgy of Some Specific Metals: The chapter also covers the extraction of specific metals like iron, copper, zinc, and aluminum, explaining the processes involved.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 – General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
• General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 7: The p-Block Elements

The chapter “The p-Block Elements” in Class 12 Chemistry focuses on the chemistry of elements located in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table. These elements exhibit diverse properties due to the presence of valence electrons in their p-orbitals. Let’s delve into the details of this chapter:

1. Group 13 (Boron Family): This group includes boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. They have three valence electrons and tend to form compounds with a +3 oxidation state. Boron, in particular, is a non-metal with unique properties and forms compounds like boranes and borates.
2. Group 14 (Carbon Family): Carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead make up this group. Carbon is the cornerstone of organic chemistry, forming the basis of life. Silicon is important in the field of semiconductors. Carbon and silicon can form a variety of compounds due to their tetravalency.
3. Group 15 (Nitrogen Family): Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth belong to this group. Nitrogen makes up a large portion of the Earth’s atmosphere and is vital for life. These elements show varying oxidation states, with nitrogen predominantly in -3 and +5 states.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 7 The p-Block Elements at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 7 – The p-Block Elements
• Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 7 The p-Block Elements

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8: The d- and f-Block Elements

The chapter “The d- and f-Block Elements” in the NCERT Class 12 Chemistry textbook focuses on transition and inner transition elements present in the periodic table. These elements are situated in the d-block (transition metals) and f-block (lanthanides and actinides) regions.

Transition Elements (d-Block):

Transition elements are characterized by their partially filled d-orbitals, which result in their unique properties. They typically exhibit multiple oxidation states, forming colored compounds due to d-d electron transitions. They often act as good catalysts due to their ability to adopt various oxidation states. The chapter explores their electronic configurations, trends in atomic and ionic sizes, ionization energies, and various properties like magnetic behavior and formation of complexes. The practical importance of transition metals in industries and biological systems is also discussed.

Lanthanides and Actinides (f-Block):

Lanthanides (from atomic number 57 to 71) and actinides (from atomic number 89 to 103) are collectively referred to as inner transition elements. They are placed at the bottom of the periodic table to conserve its width. These elements have f-orbitals in their electronic configurations. The chapter delves into the electronic structure, properties, and uses of lanthanides, focusing on their similar properties and applications. Actinides, including uranium and thorium, are radioactive elements with diverse applications, particularly in nuclear energy and research.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 The d- and f- block elements at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 – The d and f Block Elements
• The D- and F- Block Elements – Explanation and Properties

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 9: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds are complex molecules consisting of a central metal atom or ion bonded to surrounding molecules or ions called ligands. These compounds showcase a unique bonding pattern where the metal center donates electrons to form coordinate covalent bonds with the ligands. The metal atom serves as a Lewis acid, while the ligands act as Lewis bases. This interaction results in the formation of a coordination sphere.

The coordination number of a metal in a complex refers to the number of ligands directly bonded to it. Common coordination numbers include 2, 4, and 6. Isomerism is often observed in coordination compounds due to the different spatial arrangements of ligands.

Nomenclature of coordination compounds involves naming the ligands first, followed by the central metal ion’s name (with Roman numerals indicating its charge if necessary). In coordination spheres, ligands can be classified as monodentate (forming a single bond), bidentate (forming two bonds), etc.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 9 – Coordination Compounds
• Important Questions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds
• Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes are classes of organic compounds that contain halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to carbon atoms in hydrocarbon molecules. These compounds play significant roles in both synthetic chemistry and industrial applications due to their diverse reactivity and versatility.

Haloalkanes are characterized by the presence of halogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms in an alkane framework. They are categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbon atoms directly attached to the carbon bearing the halogen. Haloalkanes undergo various reactions, such as nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions, where halogen atoms can be replaced by other functional groups.

Haloarenes, on the other hand, are aromatic compounds where one or more hydrogen atoms in an aromatic ring are replaced by halogen atoms. Due to the presence of the halogen atom, haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes. The halogen substituents can influence the reactivity and properties of the aromatic ring, and they are often used as precursors for synthesis of various organic compounds.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10 – Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

1. Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group. Alcohols are commonly named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -ol. They exhibit a wide range of physical and chemical properties, such as boiling points, solubility, and reactivity. Alcohols undergo reactions like substitution, oxidation, and dehydration.
2. Phenols are compounds where a hydroxyl group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring. They are named by numbering the ring atoms to give the lowest possible numbers for the hydroxyl group’s position. Phenols are acidic due to the resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion formed when they lose a proton. They can undergo reactions like electrophilic substitution and can be used as antiseptics, disinfectants, and in the production of plastics.
3. Ethers consist of two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to an oxygen atom. They are named as alkyl/aryl-ether. Ethers lack the polarity of alcohols due to the absence of the hydroxyl group. They have lower boiling points than alcohols or corresponding acids with similar molecular weights. Ethers are often used as solvents and anesthetics.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 – Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• Alcohol, Phenol, and Ether – Definition, Classification, Nomenclature and FAQs

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Certainly! Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are a group of organic compounds known for their distinct functional groups and wide-ranging applications.

• Aldehydes: Aldehydes are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. They are often characterized by the presence of the -CHO functional group. Aldehydes exhibit a unique reactivity due to the partially positive carbon atom in the carbonyl group. They can undergo various reactions, including oxidation (to form carboxylic acids), reduction (to form primary alcohols), and nucleophilic addition reactions. Aldehydes are commonly found in nature and have important roles in biological processes and the fragrance industry.
• Ketones: Ketones are organic compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms. They have the general structure R-C(=O)-R’, where R and R’ are alkyl or aryl groups. Ketones exhibit similar reactivity to aldehydes, undergoing oxidation to form carboxylic acids. They are less reactive toward nucleophilic addition reactions compared to aldehydes due to the absence of a hydrogen atom on the carbonyl carbon. Ketones are widely used as solvents, intermediates in synthesis, and components of various natural compounds.
• Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylic acids are organic compounds containing a carboxyl functional group (-COOH). This group consists of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group bonded to the same carbon atom. Carboxylic acids are characterized by their acidity, as the presence of the -COOH group allows for the release of a proton (H+) in aqueous solutions. They undergo reactions such as esterification, decarboxylation, and reduction. Carboxylic acids are prevalent in nature, serving as essential components in biochemical processes, including amino acids and fatty acids.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 – Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids – Preparation, Properties, Uses and FAQs

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 13: Amines

Amines are a class of organic compounds that contain nitrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. They are derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with organic substituents. Amines can be classified into three main categories: primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) amines, depending on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced by organic groups.

Primary amines have one hydrogen atom substituted by an organic group, secondary amines have two such substitutions, and tertiary amines have all three hydrogen atoms replaced. Aromatic amines contain an amino group attached to an aromatic ring.

Amines display diverse properties due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. They can act as bases, readily accepting protons to form ammonium ions. This basicity is influenced by the electron-donating nature of substituent groups. Amines also participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions, allowing them to be versatile intermediates in organic synthesis.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 13 Amines at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 13 – Amines
• Important Questions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 13 Amines
• Important Topic of Chemistry: Amines Structure
• Amines – Structure, Types, Basicity, Preparation, Uses and FAQ

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 14: Biomolecules

Biomolecules are complex organic molecules that play crucial roles in various biological processes. They are the building blocks of life and are responsible for the structure, function, and regulation of living organisms. Biomolecules can be broadly categorized into four main classes: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

• Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a primary source of energy in organisms. Simple carbohydrates, like glucose and fructose, are monosaccharides, while complex carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose, are polysaccharides. Carbohydrates also play a role in cell recognition and communication.
• Proteins are large molecules composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. They have diverse functions, including catalyzing biochemical reactions (enzymes), providing structural support (collagen), transporting molecules (hemoglobin), and serving as antibodies in the immune system.
• Nucleic acids include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA stores genetic information and serves as a blueprint for an organism’s development and functioning. RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.
• Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. They store energy, provide insulation, form cell membranes (phospholipids), and serve as signaling molecules (steroids).

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 14 Biomolecules at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 14 – Biomolecules
• Important Questions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 14 Biomolecules
• General Introduction & Importance of Biomolecules

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 15: Polymers

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units known as monomers. They play a pivotal role in our daily lives, as they are present in a vast array of materials, ranging from plastics and fibers to natural substances like proteins and DNA. The study of polymers falls under the branch of chemistry known as polymer chemistry.

Polymers can be classified into two main types: synthetic polymers and natural polymers. Synthetic polymers are artificially created through polymerization processes, where monomers are linked together to form long chains. Common examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Natural polymers, on the other hand, exist in nature and include proteins, nucleic acids, and cellulose.

The properties of polymers depend on factors such as the type of monomers, the arrangement of monomers in the polymer chain, and the presence of cross-links. Polymers can be amorphous or crystalline, and their mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties can vary widely.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 15 Polymers at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 15 – Polymers
• Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 15 Polymers
• Important Topic of Chemistry: Natural Polymers

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life

“Chemistry in Everyday Life” delves into the practical applications of chemistry in various aspects of our daily existence. It focuses on how chemical compounds are utilized to enhance our health and well-being, improve food quality, and mitigate environmental issues.

One of the primary areas discussed is pharmaceuticals. The chapter elaborates on how chemical compounds are developed, tested, and used as medicines to treat various illnesses. It covers topics like drug design, pharmacokinetics (how drugs move through the body), and the role of enzymes in drug interactions. The concept of enantiomers is explored, highlighting the importance of chirality in drug effectiveness.

The chapter also looks at food additives and preservatives. It explains how chemicals are employed to improve the taste, appearance, and shelf life of food products. Additionally, it discusses the potential risks and benefits of using these additives in our diet.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life at Infinity Learn

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16 – Chemistry in everyday life
• Important Questions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life

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By using Infinity Learn’s NCERT Solutions Class 12, you’ll build a solid grasp of the subject, improve your problem-solving skills, and feel more confident going into your exams.