NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry (Updated for 2025-26 Syllabus) | Free PDF Download

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry acts as the primary resource for students preparing for the CBSE Class 12 Board Exams 2025, as well as competitive entrance tests like JEE Main and NEET. The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has significantly rationalized the CBSE Class 12 syllabus for the academic session 2025-26, retaining only 10 Chapters out of the original 16.

Understanding these changes is crucial. Many students continue to study from older textbooks, wasting valuable time on deleted topics like The Solid State or p-Block Elements. This article provides a comprehensive, chapter-wise breakdown of the latest Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions, detailed marks weightage, and chemistry important questions to help you score 70/70 in your theory exam.

Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions: 

For the 2025-26 academic session, the CBSE theory exam is weighted at 70 Marks, with 30 Marks allocated for practical's. The CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus is divided into three key sections: Physical, Inorganic, and Organic Chemistry.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry: Chapter-wise Notes

Detailed NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry, 10 chapters are provided below. These NCERT Solutions cover Intext Questions, Exercises, and detailed mathematical derivations required for Physical Chemistry.

Chapter 1: Solutions

This chapter introduces you to the concept of mixtures. In simple terms, a solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. This chapter is very important for numerical problems in the board exam.

Key Concepts to Learn:

• Types of Solutions: Understanding solid, liquid, and gaseous solutions.
• Raoult’s Law: A law that explains the vapour pressure of solutions.
• Colligative Properties: These are special properties that depend only on the number of solute particles, not on their identity. These include:
  • Relative lowering of vapour pressure
  • Elevation of boiling point
  • Depression of freezing point
  • Osmotic pressure
• Van't Hoff Factor: Used to correct calculations when the solute breaks apart (dissociates) or joins together (associates) in the solution.

Important Formulas for Chapter 1:

• Mole Fraction (x): This tells you the ratio of moles of one part to the total moles in the mixture.
  • Formula: XA = nA / (nA + nB)
• Molarity (M): The number of moles of solute in one liter of solution. This changes with temperature.
  • Formula: M = Moles of Solute / Volume of Solution in Litres
• Molality (m): The number of moles of solute in one kilogram of solvent. This does not change with temperature.
  • Formula: m = Moles of Solute / Mass of Solvent in kg
• Raoult’s Law:PA = P°A × XA (Where PA is the partial vapour pressure).

Chapter 2: Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry studies the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions. It explains how batteries work and how we can use electricity to coat metals (electroplating).

Key Concepts to Learn:

• Redox Reactions: Reactions where oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons) happen at the same time.
• Nernst Equation: A very important equation to find the voltage of a cell under any condition.
• Kohlrausch's Law: Used to calculate the conductivity of electrolytes.
• Batteries: Working of Dry cells, Lead storage batteries, and Fuel cells.

Important Formulas for Chapter 2:

• Nernst Equation: This equation connects cell potential to concentration.
  • Formula: Ecell = E°cell - (0.059 / n) log Q
• Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG): This tells us if a reaction will happen on its own (spontaneous).
  • Formula: ΔG = -nFEcell (Where F is Faraday's constant, approx. 96500 C).

Chapter 3: Chemical Kinetics

Chemical Kinetics is the study of "speed". It helps us understand how fast a chemical reaction happens and what factors (like temperature or concentration) can speed it up or slow it down.

Key Concepts to Learn:

• Rate of Reaction: How quickly reactants turn into products.
• Order of Reaction: Identifying if a reaction is Zero Order or First Order.
• Half-Life: The time it takes for half of the reactant to be used up.
• Arrhenius Equation: Explains how temperature affects the speed of a reaction.

Important Formulas for Chapter 3:

• Integrated Rate Equation (Zero Order):k =0 - / t
• Half-Life (Zero Order):t½ =0 / 2k
• Integrated Rate Equation (First Order):k = (2.303 / t) log (0 /)
• Half-Life (First Order):t½ = 0.693 / k
• Arrhenius Equation:k = A e^(-Ea/RT)

Chapter 4: The d and f Block Elements

This chapter focuses on the transition metals (d-block) and inner transition metals (f-block). These are the metals found in the middle and bottom of the periodic table.

Key Concepts to Learn:

• Transition Metals: Their electronic configuration, coloured ions, and ability to act as catalysts.
• Lanthanoid Contraction: Why atomic sizes decrease across the lanthanide series.
• Potassium Dichromate & Permanganate: Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Important Formulas for Chapter 4:

• Magnetic Moment (µ): Used to check if a substance is magnetic based on unpaired electrons (n).
  • Formula: µ = √[n(n+2)] BM (Bohr Magneton)

Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds

This branch of chemistry deals with complex compounds where a central metal is bonded to surrounding molecules called ligands. These compounds are very important in biological systems (like chlorophyll and hemoglobin).

Key Concepts to Learn:

• Coordination Number: The number of bonds formed between the metal and ligands.
• IUPAC Nomenclature: How to name these complex compounds correctly.
• Werner's Theory: The foundational theory of coordination chemistry.
• Valence Bond Theory (VBT) & Crystal Field Theory (CFT): These explain the shape, colour, and magnetic nature of the complexes.

Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

This is the start of Organic Chemistry. It deals with compounds derived from alkanes by replacing hydrogen with halogen atoms (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine).

Key Concepts to Learn:

• Nature of C-X Bond: Why the carbon-halogen bond reacts the way it does.
• SN1 and SN2 Mechanisms: Two different ways nucleophilic substitution reactions happen.
• Optical Rotation: Understanding chirality and how molecules interact with light.
• Important Compounds: Uses of DDT, Freons, and Iodoform.

Important Formulas for Chapter 6:

• SN1 Reaction: The rate depends only on the concentration of the alkyl halide. Rate = k
• SN2 Reaction: The rate depends on both the alkyl halide and the nucleophile. Rate = k[Nu-]

Useful Resources for Chapter 6:

• Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Important Questions
• Revision Notes for Chapter 6
• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Haloalkanes

Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

In this chapter, you will study organic compounds containing the -OH (hydroxyl) group and the -O- (ether) linkage.

Key Concepts to Learn:

• Classification: Primary (1°), Secondary (2°), and Tertiary (3°) alcohols.
• Preparation: How to make alcohols from alkenes or Grignard reagents.
• Acidity of Phenols: Why phenols are more acidic than alcohols.
• Name Reactions: Reimer-Tiemann reaction and Kolbe’s reaction.

Chapter 8: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

This is often considered the most important chapter in Organic Chemistry due to its high weightage in exams. It covers compounds with the carbonyl group (>C=O).

Key Concepts to Learn:

• Preparation: Making aldehydes and ketones using oxidation methods.
• Nucleophilic Addition: Why aldehydes react faster than ketones.
• Aldol Condensation & Cannizzaro Reaction: Crucial name reactions for board exams.
• Acidity of Carboxylic Acids: Understanding why carboxylic acids release H+ ions easily.

Chapter 9: Amines

Amines are derivatives of ammonia (NH3). They are the most important organic bases.

Key Concepts to Learn:

• Basicity of Amines: How the basic nature changes in gas phase vs. aqueous solution.
• Preparation Methods: Gabriel Phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann Bromamide degradation.
• Diazonium Salts: How to prepare them and use them to make other compounds.

Chapter 10: Biomolecules

This chapter bridges biology and chemistry. It explains the chemicals that make life possible, like food and genetic material.

Key Concepts to Learn:

• Carbohydrates: Difference between monosaccharides (like glucose) and polysaccharides (like starch).
• Proteins: Peptide bonds and the structure of proteins (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary).
• Nucleic Acids: The difference between DNA (double strand) and RNA (single strand).
• Vitamins: Classification into water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Marks Distribution (2025-26)

The CBSE Class 12 Chemistry exam is a major milestone for science students. Everyone wants to score high marks, but studying blindly isn't the best way. You need to know which chapters are worth the most marks. This helps you plan your study time better.

The theory exam is worth 70 Marks in total. Here is the list of chapters and their marks weightage for the 2025 exam:

Important Tip: As you can see, Electrochemistry (9 marks) and Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids (8 marks) are the most important chapters. Make sure you practice these thoroughly!

Why You Should Use These NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry

Studying Chemistry can be tricky, but having the right help makes it easy. Here are the main benefits of using our NCERT Solutions:

• Simple and Clear Answers: We write the answers in easy language. You won't get confused with hard words, making it simple to understand the concepts.
• Step-by-Step Explanations: We don't just give you the final answer. We break down every problem into small steps. This helps you understand exactly how to solve the question, just like your teacher does in class.
• Complete Syllabus Coverage: You will find solutions for every single question in your NCERT textbook. We cover all the chapters listed in the latest syllabus, so you don't miss anything.
• Best for Exam Prep: These solutions act like a study map. They highlight the important formulas and topics you need to memorize to crack your board exams with good marks.

Free PDF Access: You can download these solutions on your phone or laptop. This allows you to study anytime you want, even without the internet.