Periscope
By Karan Singh Bisht
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Updated on 23 Apr 2025, 11:45 IST
A periscope is an optical instrument that enables viewing over, around, or through obstacles when a direct line of sight is not possible. It reflects light using angled mirrors or prisms, allowing the user to observe from a hidden or protected position. Periscopes are widely used in submarines and military trenches to monitor surroundings or enemy activity without being exposed.
What is Periscope?
A periscope is an optical device that allows observation over, around, or through obstacles when direct line of sight is blocked. It typically features an outer casing with two mirrors placed at 45° angles, aligned parallel to the viewing surface to reflect light from one end to the other. The submarine periscope was developed by Jules Carpentier, a French engineer and inventor. Periscopes saw extensive use in World War II, especially in tanks and armored vehicles for safe surveillance.
History of Periscope
The periscope, based on light reflection using angled mirrors, originated in the 1600s. The modern version was developed by Jules Carpentier, a French engineer, in the late 19th century, and became essential in submarines. During World War I, periscopes were used in trenches, and in World War II, they played a key role in tanks and armored vehicles. Today, periscopic technology is also used in medical tools, scientific devices, and educational kits.
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Types of a Periscope
Periscopes vary by design and application, but all rely on the principle of light reflection or refraction. The main types include:
- Simple Periscope: Uses two mirrors at 45° angles; common in toys and school experiments.
- Prism Periscope: Uses prisms for clearer images and better durability; used in military and surveillance.
- Periscopic Rifle Sight: Mounted on firearms, allows safe aiming from cover during trench warfare.
- Submarine Periscope: Advanced optical system with lenses and prisms; includes zoom and night vision for underwater navigation.
- Medical Periscopic Tools: Used in laparoscopes and endoscopes for internal imaging in minimally invasive procedures.
These types reflect how periscopes are adapted across military, educational, medical, and scientific fields for safe and efficient observation.
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How to Make a Periscope?
To make a simple periscope, use a cardboard box and two small mirrors placed at 45° angles. Cut openings at the top and bottom of the box, then insert and fix the mirrors inside—one facing down from the top and the other facing up from the bottom. This setup reflects light from the object into your eyes, allowing you to see over or around obstacles. It's an easy and fun project for students and science activities.
How to Use a Periscope
To use a periscope, hold it vertically with the viewing end near your eye and the opposite end pointed toward the object you want to see. Light enters through the top mirror (or prism), reflects downward to a second mirror set at a 45° angle, and into your eyes. This lets you see over walls, around corners, or from a hidden position. Just make sure the mirrors are aligned and clean for a clear view.
- Submarines: View above water while remaining submerged.
- Military: Observe from trenches, bunkers, or armored vehicles.
- Tanks: Help drivers and gunners see surroundings safely.
- Medical Field: Used in tools like laparoscopes for internal viewing.
- Science Kits & Toys: Teach principles of light reflection.
- Security & Surveillance: Monitor spaces discreetly.
Periscope FAQs
What is periscope used for?
A periscope is used to observe objects or areas that are not in a direct line of sight. Common applications include submarines, military tanks, bunkers, and medical instruments.
Is a periscope convex or concave?
Basic periscopes use plane mirrors, not convex or concave mirrors. However, advanced optical periscopes may include lenses for magnification, which can be convex.
What is the use of periscope test?
A periscope test is often a military or psychological simulation used to assess observation skills, spatial awareness, or submarine periscope proficiency.
What are the uses of a periscope?
Periscopes are used in submarines, military trenches, tanks, medical procedures (like laparoscopy), educational kits, and security systems to see over or around obstacles.
What are the types of periscope?
Types of periscopes include:
- Simple mirror-based periscope
- Prism periscope
- Submarine periscope
- Periscopic rifle sight
- Medical periscopic instruments
Where can you use a periscope?
Periscopes can be used in:
- Submarines for surface observation
- Military for surveillance from cover
- Science labs and classrooms for demonstrations
- Medical fields for internal imaging
- Toys and STEM kits
What is the principle of periscope?
A periscope works on the principle of light reflection. It uses mirrors (or prisms) placed at 45° angles to reflect light from the object into the viewer’s eyes.
Where was the periscope used?
Periscopes were widely used in submarines, World War I trenches, World War II tanks, and are still used in modern military, medical, and educational tools.
Are periscopes still used today?
Yes, periscopes are still used today in modern submarines, optical instruments, medical devices, and even smartphone camera designs.
Who invented periscope?
The modern periscope was invented by Jules Carpentier, a French engineer, in the late 19th century. Early concepts date back to the 1600s.
What is the science behind periscope?
The science behind a periscope involves optics and light reflection. Mirrors or prisms redirect light at specific angles, allowing a viewer to see over or around barriers.