Organic Compounds 

Organic Compounds are solid, liquid, or gaseous molecules that include carbon in their molecule.

Because there are so many organic substances, a comprehensive systematic categorization was necessary. Organic compounds are characterized as acyclic (open chain) or cyclic (closed chain) (closed chain).

Classification of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are categorized into two types. First, we will examine organic compounds that are based on “Structure,” and then we will cover organic compounds that are based on “Function.”

Structure-based classification

• Open-chain or Acyclic Compounds

Acyclic chemicals are diametrically opposed to cyclic compounds in that their molecules do not form a ring. Because of their linear shape, open-chain compounds are so named. Acyclic aliphatic chemicals and alkanes are excellent examples of these substances. Straight-chain and branched-chain compounds can help you understand open-chain molecules. Straight-chain compounds contain no side chains, whereas branched-chain compounds have the straight chain and one or more side chains linked to it.

• Closed-chain or cyclic compounds

“Ring compounds” are another name for cyclic compounds. Cyclic compounds, as the name implies, are those in which one or more atoms are joined to create a closed ring. It is not necessary for all of the rings in these compounds to be the same size.

Cyclic or closed-chain chemicals always take precedence in human existence since people come into contact with them on a regular basis. They are also divided into two categories. The first section focuses on “Heterocyclic,” while the second focuses on “Homocyclic.”

• Heterocyclic compounds

Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic chemicals that have a ring structure. These compounds may be understood in a very easy way since they are similar to any other dominating branch of organic compounds in which two or more two atoms unite in a ring shape in their molecules. Although they include carbon atoms, it should be noted that they also contain at least one atom of another element. Synthetic colours, nucleic acids, and most medications are all examples of these molecules.

• Homocyclic compounds

Homocyclic compounds are the sort of cyclic compounds found in organic chemistry, as opposed to heterocyclic compounds, in which the ring structure is generated by the atoms. This ring structure is made up of the same atoms from the same element, which is carbon. These are referred to as carbocyclic compounds. This chemical has no elements other than carbon. Although inorganic chemistry, homocyclic molecules have ring structures created by atoms of different elements such as boron, sulfur, phosphorus, and so on. Naphthalene, tetracene, benzene, and other similar compounds are excellent examples of this chemical.

Heterocyclic Compounds:

Alicyclic heterocyclic compounds and Aromatic heterocyclic compounds are the two primary groups of heterocyclic compounds.

• Heterocyclic Alicyclic Compounds

These compounds’ ring structures contain one or more heteroatoms. We can comprehend these molecules by using a few examples, such as tetrahydrothiophene and tetrahydrofuran.

• Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds

These chemicals are simply characterized by basic comprehension. These chemicals, unlike Alicyclic heterocyclic compounds, have one or more heteroatoms in their molecules. Thiophene, furan, and other similar chemicals are examples of these compounds.

Homocyclic or carbocyclic Compounds :

Compounds that are homocyclic or carbocyclic are classified into two types. The first is known as an Alicyclic compound, whereas the second is known as an Aromatic compound.

• Alicyclic Compounds

The alicyclic compound is a chemical that is both aliphatic and cyclic. This chemical has one or more all-carbon rings, which can be saturated or unsaturated. The bonds that occur between atoms can be of any sort, such as single, double, or triple bonds.

• Aromatic Compounds

Aromatic compounds are unsaturated cyclic compounds, as opposed to alicyclic compounds, which can be either saturated or unsaturated. These substances are also known as aromatics or arenas. They have a lovely odour, as its Greek name “aroma” indicates. These compounds are defined by the presence of one or more planar rings of atoms connected by covalent bonds of two sorts. Benzene and toluene are two examples of these chemicals.

Aromatic Compound Classification

Aromatic chemicals are distinguished by their stability, which is why they are associated with aromaticity, which is primarily concerned with odour.

• Aromatic Benzenoid Compounds

These aromatic chemicals are derived mostly from benzene. The presence of one or more isolated or fused benzene rings and their derivatives in the structure distinguishes these substances. These compounds are classified as monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic based on the number of benzene rings fused together in the structure. Two or more rings are found in the structure of bicyclic and tricyclic molecules. Phenanthrene, Naphthalene, and Anthracene are a few examples of these chemicals.

• Aromatic Non-benzenoid Compounds

Instead of benzene rings, these aromatic compounds are made up of various unsaturated rings. These aromatic compounds are exceptionally stable. Tropolone and azulene are two examples of these chemicals.

Classification based on the functional groups

A functional group is a mechanism through which a molecule obtains its characteristic chemical characteristics from one or more atoms in the molecule. We must realize that the nature of functional groups influences compound reactions and, to some extent, their physical characteristics.

There are several organic processes that include functional group change but have no influence on the other molecules. In the case of functional groups, there are several examples, such as the carboxylic acid group (-COOH), the hydroxyl group (-OH), and the aldehyde group (-CHO).

Organic compounds can be found in a variety of forms, including Lewis structures, space-filled models, and structural formulae. In an organic molecule’s structural formula, it’s not unusual to see hydrogens as lines or to leave them out entirely. They are thought to be there to complete the four bonds given by the carbon atoms.

Mass spectra have been used to identify organic substances. The results show that all extractants were able to undertake immediate analysis following extraction without the need for a clean-up procedure. Nonetheless, the form of organic molecules extracted was dependent on the solvent utilized, indicating that they had a particular capacity to solubilize diverse biosolid organic compounds.

FAQ’s

What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds. In contrast, inorganic chemistry is the study of all substances that do not include carbon molecules.

How can you tell if a chemical is organic or not?

A substance is organic if it includes carbon that is covalently bonded to other atoms. The other atoms are usually made up of hydrogen, oxygen, and/or nitrogen. A few carbon compounds, such as simple oxides (e.g., CO2) and cyanides (e.g., KCN), are removed arbitrarily.

What qualities do organic molecules have?

Physical properties of organic molecules of interest often give both quantitative and qualitative information. The melting point, boiling point, and refraction index are all quantitative values. Odour, durability, solubility, and colour are examples of qualitative qualities.