Table of Contents
Human Genome is one haploid set of chromosomes. The human genome project is started in 1990. It is a 13 year-long project. So it will be completed in 2003. But due to some reasons, it was complete in 2006. It was a megaproject. To sequence one base pair the amount is 3 dolour. The total estimate of this project is 9 billion US dolour. This project has a lot of information. The human genome project make a new field in biology named bioinformatics.
Introduction:
The human genome project was firstly started with an article written by Renato Dulbecco published in 1984. In this article, he said that the human genome helps to understand cancer. A meeting was organised for the human genome project in 1985 with Robert Sinsheim, the chancellor of the University of California, Santa Cruz. In this meeting, they all said the project is technically possible but very costly. And it is a very challenging project. In this, the 12 persons assembled. But only six persons with this project and the other six are totally against it. The naysayers said that big science is not good for science because it diverts from small science as the main science. They said our science is not advanced for it. We will wait for it until it was cheap. In the mid-1980 80% of biologists against the human genome project from the national institute of health. But the US department of energy has pushed the project of the human genome project because they said that the knowledge of genome sequence is help us to understand the radiation effects on the human genome resulting from exposure to atom bombs and other aspects of energy transmission. On the human genome project, there are a lot of times debated and argued on it.
The US department of energy fully supports this project. After some time the support comes from the congress party, there are some biologists who support this project. From some biologists in congress, they understood the appeal of international competitiveness in biology and medicine, the potential for industrial spin-offs and economic benefits and the potential for more effective approaches to dealing with the disease. In 1988 a national academy of science committee report encouraged the human genome project. . Human genome project is started in 1990. It is a 13-year long project. So it will be completed in 2003. But due to some reasons, it was completed in 2006.
It was a megaproject. To sequence one base pair the amount is 3 dolour. The total estimated of this project is 9 billion US dolour. This project has a lot of information. The human genome project make a new field in biology named bioinformatics.
Initially, the human genome project considers the human genetic map than a physical map of the human genome and alter the sequence of the map. After it, the human genome project encourages the technology that helps the preparing, mapping and sequencing of DNA. In early 1990 the human genome system was relaced with a new technology named prevailing sequencing technology. This technology, called first-generation sequencing, relied on gel electrophoresis to create sequencing ladders and radioactive or fluorescent labelling strategies to perform base calling.
GOALS OF HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
To identify all 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA.
Determine all the sequences of 3 billion base pairs.
Store all the information in databases.
Improve all the tools for data analysis.
Use this information in other sectors also.
Address the legal and social issues that may arise from the project.
IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
First, the human genome sequence initiated the comprehensive discovery and cataloguing of a ‘parts list’ of most human genes, and by inference most human proteins, along with other important elements such as non-coding regulatory RNAs. Understanding a complex biological system requires knowing the parts, how they are connected, their dynamics and how all of these relate to function. The parts list has been essential for the emergence of ‘systems biology, which has transformed our approaches to biology and medicine.
As an example, the ENCODE (Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project, launched by the NIH in 2003, aims to discover and understand the functional parts of the genome. Using multiple approaches, many based on second-generation sequencing, the ENCODE Project Consortium has produced voluminous and valuable data related to the regulatory networks that govern the expression of genes.
Large datasets such as those produced by ENCODE raise challenging questions regarding genome functionality. How can a true biological signal be distinguished from the inevitable biological noise produced by large datasets? To what extent is the functionality of individual genomic elements only observable (used) in specific contexts (for example, regulatory networks and mRNAs that are operative only during embryogenesis)? It is clear that much work remains to be done before the functions of poorly annotated protein-coding genes will be deciphered, let alone those of the large regions of the non-coding portions of the genome that are transcribed.
What is signal and what is noise is a critical question?
Second, the HGP also led to the emergence of proteomics, a discipline focused on identifying and quantifying the proteins present in discrete biological compartments, such as a cellular organelle, an organ or the blood. Proteins – whether they act as signalling devices, molecular machines or structural components – constitute the cell-specific functionality of the parts list of an organism’s genome. The HGP has facilitated the use of a key analytical tool, mass spectrometry, by providing the reference sequences and therefore the predicted masses of all the tryptic peptides in the human proteome – an essential requirement for the analysis of mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. This mass-spectrometry-based accessibility to proteomes has driven striking new applications such as targeted proteomics. Proteomics requires extremely sophisticated computational techniques, examples of which are PeptideAtlas and the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline.
FAQ’s
What is the human genome project?
The human genome project is started in 1990. It is a 13-year long project. So it will be completed in 2003. But due to some reasons, it was completed in 2006. It was a megaproject. To sequence one base pair the amount is 3 dolour. The total estimate of this project is 9 billion US dolour. This project has a lot of information. The human genome project make a new field in biology named bioinformatics.
