How many Articles are There in the Indian Constitution?

The Indian Constitution is the highest law of India and serves as the guide for how the country is run. It was adopted on January 26, 1950, which is celebrated as Indian Constitution Day each year. This important document is one of the longest written constitutions in the world.

So, how many articles are there in the Indian Constitution? Currently, there are a total of 448 articles. These articles are organized into different parts, each covering specific topics like the rights of citizens, the structure of the government, and the duties of various institutions.

The person known as the Father of the Indian Constitution is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. He played a key role in drafting the Constitution and ensuring that it protects the rights of all citizens.

The Indian Constitution book is essential for understanding how the country works. Each group of articles discusses key sections of the Constitution, such as the Legislature, Executive, Schedules, various Parts of the Indian Constitution, Constitutional Bodies, Statutory Bodies, Fundamental Rights, and more.

Introduction to the Articles of the Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country, laying down the framework that defines the political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is one of the longest written constitutions in the world, originally containing 395 articles in 22 parts, along with 8 schedules. Over time, amendments have increased the number of articles to 448. Each article addresses specific aspects of governance and the functioning of the country, ensuring a comprehensive legal and administrative framework.

List of Articles in the Indian Constitution

Here is a simplified table listing the main articles in the Indian Constitution along with their primary focus:

Indian Constitution Overview

Key Features of Major Parts

1. Preamble
   • Introduces the Constitution and declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic.
   • Aims to secure Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity for all citizens.
2. Part I: Union and its Territory
   • Defines the territorial extent of India and the names of States and Union territories.
3. Part II: Citizenship
   • Details about who is considered a citizen of India.
4. Part III: Fundamental Rights
   • Guarantees civil liberties such as freedom of speech, equality before law, and right to constitutional remedies.
5. Part IV: Directive Principles of State Policy
   • Guidelines for the framing of laws by the government aimed at creating social and economic conditions under which citizens can lead good lives.
6. Part IVA: Fundamental Duties
   • Lists the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India.
7. Part V: The Union
   • Describes the structure and functions of the central government including the President, Vice-President, and Parliament.
8. Part VI: The States
   • Details the structure and functions of state governments including Governors and State Legislatures.
9. Part IX: The Panchayats
   • Provisions related to the organization and powers of Panchayats (village councils).
10. Part IXA: The Municipalities
    • Provisions related to the organization and powers of Municipalities.
11. Part XVIII: Emergency Provisions
    • Details the procedures and effects of declaring a national emergency, President’s rule in states, and financial emergency.
12. Part XX: Amendment of the Constitution
    • Procedures for amending the Constitution.

Part I: The Union and its Territory

Articles 1-4

• Article 1: Names India as the Union of States and defines its territory.
• Article 2: Empowers the Parliament to admit or establish new states into the Union.
• Article 3: Provides the procedure for the formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, or names of existing states.
• Article 4: Laws made under Articles 2 and 3 are not considered amendments under Article 368.

Part II: Citizenship

Articles 5-11

• Article 5: Details who were citizens of India at the commencement of the Constitution.
• Article 6: Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
• Article 7: Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
• Article 8: Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.
• Article 9: Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign state not to be citizens.
• Article 10: Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
• Article 11: Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Part III: Fundamental Rights

Articles 12-35

• Article 12: Definition of the State.
• Article 13: Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights.
• Articles 14-18: Right to Equality.
  • Article 14: Equality before law.
  • Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
  • Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
  • Article 17: Abolition of untouchability.
  • Article 18: Abolition of titles.
• Articles 19-22: Right to Freedom.
  • Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
  • Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offenses.
  • Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty.
  • Article 21A: Right to education.
  • Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
• Articles 23-24: Right against Exploitation.
  • Article 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor.
  • Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
• Articles 25-28: Right to Freedom of Religion.
  • Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion.
  • Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs.
  • Article 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
  • Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.
• Articles 29-30: Cultural and Educational Rights.
  • Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities.
  • Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
• Articles 31-31B: Right to Property (repealed except Article 31B).
  • Article 31: Compulsory acquisition of property (repealed).
  • Article 31A: Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
  • Article 31B: Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
  • Article 31C: Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.
• Articles 32-35: Right to Constitutional Remedies.
  • Article 32: Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
  • Article 33: Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.
  • Article 34: Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area.
  • Article 35: Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

Part IV: Directive Principles of State Policy

Articles 36-51

• Article 36: Definition.
• Article 37: Application of the principles contained in this Part.
• Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people.
• Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
• Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid.
• Article 40: Organisation of village panchayats.
• Article 41: Right to work, to education, and to public assistance in certain cases.
• Article 42: Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
• Article 43: Living wage, etc., for workers.
• Article 43A: Participation of workers in management of industries.
• Article 44: Uniform civil code for the citizens.
• Article 45: Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years.
• Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections.
• Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
• Article 48: Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
• Article 48A: Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife.
• Article 49: Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
• Article 50: Separation of judiciary from the executive.
• Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security.

Part IVA: Fundamental Duties

Article 51A

• Article 51A: Fundamental duties of every citizen of India.

Part V: The Union

Articles 52-151

• Article 52: The President of India.
• Article 53: Executive power of the Union.
• Article 54: Election of the President.
• Article 55: Manner of election of the President.
• Article 56: Term of office of President.
• Article 57: Eligibility for re-election.
• Article 58: Qualifications for election as President.
• Article 59: Conditions of President’s office.
• Article 60: Oath or affirmation by the President.
• Article 61: Procedure for impeachment of the President.
• Article 62: Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
• Article 63: The Vice-President of India.
• Article 64: The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
• Article 65: The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.
• Article 66: Election of Vice-President.
• Article 67: Term of office of Vice-President.
• Article 68: Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
• Article 69: Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
• Article 70: Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies.
• Article 71: Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
• Article 72: Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit, or commute sentences in certain cases.
• Article 73: Extent of executive power of the Union.
• Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
• Article 75: Other provisions as to Ministers.
• Article 76: Attorney-General for India.
• Article 77: Conduct of business of the Government of India.
• Article 78: Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.
• Article 79: Constitution of Parliament.
• Article 80: Composition of the Council of States.
• Article 81: Composition of the House of the People.
• Article 82: Readjustment after each census.
• Article 83: Duration of Houses of Parliament.
• Article 84: Qualification for membership of Parliament.
• Article 85: Sessions of Parliament, prorogation, and dissolution.
• Article 86: Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.
• Article 87: Special address by the President.
• Article 88: Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.
• Article 89: The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
• Article 90: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman.
• Article 91: Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
• Article 92: The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
• Article 93: The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.
• Article 94: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
• Article 95: Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
• Article 96: The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
• Article 97: Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker andContinuing from where we left off, here is the detailed breakdown of the remaining parts of the Indian Constitution:

Part V: The Union (Continued)

Articles 52-151

• Article 97: Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
• Article 98: Secretariat of Parliament.
• Article 99: Oath or affirmation by members.
• Article 100: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies, and quorum.
• Article 101: Vacation of seats.
• Article 102: Disqualifications for membership.
• Article 103: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
• Article 104: Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under Article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
• Article 105: Powers, privileges, and immunities of Parliament and its members.
• Article 106: Salaries and allowances of members.
• Article 107: Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
• Article 108: Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
• Article 109: Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
• Article 110: Definition of “Money Bills”.
• Article 111: Assent to Bills.
• Article 112: Annual financial statement.
• Article 113: Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
• Article 114: Appropriation Bills.
• Article 115: Supplementary, additional, excess, and exceptional grants.
• Article 116: Votes on account, votes of credit, and exceptional grants.
• Article 117: Special provisions as to financial Bills.
• Article 118: Rules of procedure.
• Article 119: Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.
• Article 120: Language to be used in Parliament.
• Article 121: Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
• Article 122: Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.
• Article 123: Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.
• Article 124: Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court.
• Article 125: Salaries, etc., of judges.
• Article 126: Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
• Article 127: Appointment of ad hoc judges.
• Article 128: Attendance of retired judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
• Article 129: Supreme Court to be a court of record.
• Article 130: Seat of Supreme Court.
• Article 131: Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
• Article 132: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases.
• Article 133: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters.
• Article 134: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters.
• Article 134A: Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.
• Article 135: Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
• Article 136: Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
• Article 137: Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
• Article 138: Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
• Article 139: Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.
• Article 139A: Transfer of certain cases.
• Article 140: Ancillary powers of Supreme Court.
• Article 141: Law declared by the Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
• Article 142: Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
• Article 143: Power of President to consult Supreme Court.
• Article 144: Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
• Article 144A: [Omitted.]
• Article 145: Rules of court, etc.
• Article 146: Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.
• Article 147: Interpretation.
• Article 148: Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
• Article 149: Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
• Article 150: Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.
• Article 151: Audit reports.

Part VI: The States

Articles 152-237

• Article 152: Definition.
• Article 153: Governors of States.
• Article 154: Executive power of State.
• Article 155: Appointment of Governor.
• Article 156: Term of office of Governor.
• Article 157: Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
• Article 158: Conditions of Governor’s office.
• Article 159: Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
• Article 160: Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies.
• Article 161: Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit, or commute sentences in certain cases.
• Article 162: Extent of executive power of State.
• Article 163: Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
• Article 164: Other provisions as to Ministers.
• Article 165: Advocate-General for the State.
• Article 166: Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
• Article 167: Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
• Article 168: Constitution of Legislatures in States.
• Article 169: Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
• Article 170: Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
• Article 171: Composition of the Legislative Councils.
• Article 172: Duration of State Legislatures.
• Article 173: Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
• Article 174: Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation, and dissolution.
• Article 175: Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
• Article 176: Special address by the Governor.
• Article 177: Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.
• Article 178: The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
• Article 179: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
• Article 180: Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
• Article 181: The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
• Article 182: The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
• Article 183: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
• Article 184: Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
• Article 185: The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
• Article 186: Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
• Article 187: Secretariat of State Legislature.
• Article 188: Oath or affirmation by members.
• Article 189: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies, and quorum.
• Article 190: Vacation of seats.
• Article 191: Disqualifications for membership.
• Article 192: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
• Article 193: Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under Article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
• Article 194: Powers, privileges, and immunities of State Legislatures and their members.
• Article 195: Salaries and allowances of members.
• Article 196: Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
• Article 197: Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
• Article 198: Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
• Article 199: Definition of “Money Bills”.
• Article 200: Assent to Bills.
• Article 201: Bills reserved for consideration.
• Article 202: Annual financial statement.
• Article 203: Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
• Article 204: Appropriation Bills.
• Article 205: Supplementary, additional, excess, and exceptional grants.
• Article 206: Votes on account, votes of credit, and exceptional grants.
• Article 207: Special provisions as to financial Bills.
• Article 208: Rules of procedure.
• Article 209: Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business.
• Article 210: Language to be used in the Legislature.
• Article 211: Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.
• Article 212: Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.
• Article 213: Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
• Article 214: High Courts for States.
• Article 215: High Courts to be courts of record.
• Article 216: Constitution of High Courts.
• Article 217: Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
• Article 218: Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.
• Article 219: Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
• **Article Continuing from where we left off, here is the detailed breakdown of the remaining parts of the Indian Constitution:

Part VI: The States (Continued)

Articles 152-237

• Article 220: Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.
• Article 221: Salaries, etc., of Judges.
• Article 222: Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.
• Article 223: Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
• Article 224: Appointment of additional and acting Judges.
• Article 224A: Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.
• Article 225: Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
• Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
• Article 227: Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
• Article 228: Transfer of certain cases to High Court.
• Article 228A: [Repealed.]
• Article 229: Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
• Article 230: Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
• Article 231: Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
• Article 232: [Repealed.]
• Article 233: Appointment of district judges.
• Article 233A: Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges.
• Article 234: Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
• Article 235: Control over subordinate courts.
• Article 236: Interpretation.
• Article 237: Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.

Part VII: (Repealed)

This part has been repealed by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.

Part VIII: The Union Territories

Articles 239-242

• Article 239: Administration of Union territories.
• Article 239A: Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.
• Article 239AA: Special provisions with respect to Delhi.
• Article 239AB: Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
• Article 240: Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
• Article 241: High Courts for Union territories.
• Article 242: [Repealed.]

Part IX: The Panchayats

Articles 243-243O

• Article 243: Definitions.
• Article 243A: Gram Sabha.
• Article 243B: Constitution of Panchayats.
• Article 243C: Composition of Panchayats.
• Article 243D: Reservation of seats.
• Article 243E: Duration of Panchayats, etc.
• Article 243F: Disqualifications for membership.
• Article 243G: Powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats.
• Article 243H: Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
• Article 243I: Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.
• Article 243J: Audit of accounts of Panchayats.
• Article 243K: Elections to the Panchayats.
• Article 243L: Application to Union territories.
• Article 243M: Part not to apply to certain areas.
• Article 243N: Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.
• Article 243O: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

Part IXA: The Municipalities

Articles 243P-243ZG

• Article 243P: Definitions.
• Article 243Q: Constitution of Municipalities.
• Article 243R: Composition of Municipalities.
• Article 243S: Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
• Article 243T: Reservation of seats.
• Article 243U: Duration of Municipalities, etc.
• Article 243V: Disqualifications for membership.
• Article 243W: Powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
• Article 243X: Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
• Article 243Y: Finance Commission.
• Article 243Z: Audit of accounts of Municipalities.
• Article 243ZA: Elections to the Municipalities.
• Article 243ZB: Application to Union territories.
• Article 243ZC: Part not to apply to certain areas.
• Article 243ZD: Committee for district planning.
• Article 243ZE: Committee for Metropolitan planning.
• Article 243ZF: Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.
• Article 243ZG: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

Part IXB: The Cooperative Societies

Articles 243ZH-243ZT

• Article 243ZH: Definitions.
• Article 243ZI: Incorporation of cooperative societies.
• Article 243ZJ: Number and term of members of board and its office bearers.
• Article 243ZK: Election of members of board.
• Article 243ZL: Supersession and suspension of board and interim management.
• Article 243ZM: Audit of accounts of cooperative societies.
• Article 243ZN: Convening of general body meetings.
• Article 243ZO: Right of a member to get information.
• Article 243ZP: Returns.
• Article 243ZQ: Offenses and penalties.
• Article 243ZR: Application to multi-State cooperative societies.
• Article 243ZS: Application to Union territories.
• Article 243ZT: Continuance of existing laws.

Part X: The Scheduled and Tribal Areas

Articles 244-244A

• Article 244: Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
• Article 244A: Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.

Part XI: Relations between the Union and the States

Articles 245-263

• Article 245: Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
• Article 246: Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
• Article 246A: Special provision with respect to goods and services tax.
• Article 247: Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
• Article 248: Residuary powers of legislation.
• Article 249: Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
• Article 250: Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
• Article 251: Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under Articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
• Article 252: Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
• Article 253: Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
• Article 254: Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
• Article 255: Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.
• Article 256: Obligation of States and the Union.
• Article 257: Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
• Article 257A: Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other forces of the Union.
• Article 258: Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
• Article 258A: Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
• Article 259: [Repealed.]
• Article 260: Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
• Article 261: Public acts, records, and judicial proceedings.
• Article 262: Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.
• Article 263: Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.

Part XII: Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits

Articles 264-300A

• Article 264: Interpretation.
• Article 265: Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
• Article 266: Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
• Article 267: Contingency Fund.
• Article 268: Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States.
• Article 268A: Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the Union and the States.
• Article 269: Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
• Article 269A: Levy and collection of goods and services tax in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
• Article 270: Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
• Article 271: Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
• Article 272: [Repealed.]
• Article 273: Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
• Article 274: Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested.
• Article 275: Grants from the Union to certain States.
• Article 276: Taxes on professions, trades, callings, and employments.
• Article 277: Savings.
• Article 278: [Continuing with the detailed breakdown of the remaining parts of the Indian Constitution:

Part XII: Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits (Continued)

Articles 264-300A

• Article 278: [Repealed.]
• Article 279: Calculation of “net proceeds,” etc.
• Article 280: Finance Commission.
• Article 281: Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
• Article 282: Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
• Article 283: Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds, and moneys credited to the public accounts.
• Article 284: Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts.
• Article 285: Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
• Article 286: Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
• Article 287: Exemption from taxes on electricity.
• Article 288: Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
• Article 289: Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
• Article 290: Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
• Article 290A: Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
• Article 291: [Repealed.]
• Article 292: Borrowing by the Government of India.
• Article 293: Borrowing by States.
• Article 294: Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities, and obligations in certain cases.
• Article 295: Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities, and obligations in other cases.
• Article 296: Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia.
• Article 297: Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
• Article 298: Power to carry on trade, etc.
• Article 299: Contracts.
• Article 300: Suits and proceedings.
• Article 300A: Right to property.

Part XIII: Trade and Commerce within the Territory of India

Articles 301-307

• Article 301: Freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse.
• Article 302: Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse.
• Article 303: Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce.
• Article 304: Restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse among States.
• Article 305: Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
• Article 306: [Repealed.]
• Article 307: Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of Articles 301 to 304.

Part XIV: Services under the Union and the States

Articles 308-323

• Article 308: Interpretation.
• Article 309: Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
• Article 310: Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
• Article 311: Dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
• Article 312: All-India services.
• Article 312A: Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services.
• Article 313: Transitional provisions.
• Article 314: [Repealed.]
• Article 315: Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
• Article 316: Appointment and term of office of members.
• Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
• Article 318: Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
• Article 319: Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members.
• Article 320: Functions of Public Service Commissions.
• Article 321: Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
• Article 322: Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
• Article 323: Reports of Public Service Commissions.

Part XIVA: Tribunals

Articles 323A-323B

• Article 323A: Administrative tribunals.
• Article 323B: Tribunals for other matters.

Part XV: Elections

Articles 324-329A

• Article 324: Superintendence, direction, and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
• Article 325: No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste, or sex.
• Article 326: Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
• Article 327: Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
• Article 328: Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
• Article 329: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
• Article 329A: [Repealed.]

Part XVI: Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes

Articles 330-342

• Article 330: Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
• Article 331: Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
• Article 332: Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
• Article 333: Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
• Article 334: Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
• Article 335: Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
• Article 336: Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
• Article 337: Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian community.
• Article 338: National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
• Article 338A: National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
• Article 339: Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
• Article 340: Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
• Article 341: Scheduled Castes.
• Article 342: Scheduled Tribes.

Part XVII: Official Language

Articles 343-351

• Article 343: Official language of the Union.
• Article 344: Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.
• Article 345: Official language or languages of a State.
• Article 346: Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.
• Article 347: Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.
• Article 348: Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
• Article 349: Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.
• Article 350: Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
• Article 350A: Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
• Article 350B: Special Officer for linguistic minorities.
• Article 351: Directive for development of the Hindi language.

Part XVIII: Emergency Provisions

Articles 352-360

• Article 352: Proclamation of Emergency.
• Article 353: Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.
• Article 354: Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
• Article 355: Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.
• Article 356: Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.
• Article 357: Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under Article 356.
• Article 358: Suspension of provisions of Article 19 during emergencies.
• Article 359: Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies.
• Article 359A: [Repealed.]
• Article 360: Provisions as to financial emergency.

Part XIX: Miscellaneous

Articles 361-367

• Article 361: Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs.
• Article 361A: Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures.
• Article 361B: Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.
• Article 362: [Repealed.]
• Article 363: Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
• Article 363A: Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished.
• Article 364: Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.
• Article 365: Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.
• Article 366: Definitions.
• Article 367: Interpretation.

Part XX: Amendment of the Constitution

Article 368

• Article 368: Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.

Part XXI: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions

Articles 369-392

• Article 369: Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were in the Concurrent List.
• Article 370: Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir (abrogated on August 5, 2019).
• Article 371: Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
• Article 371A: Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.
• Article 371B: Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.
• Article 371C: Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.
• Article 371D: Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.
• Article 371E: Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
• Article 371F: Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
• Article 371G: Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
• Article 371H: Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
• Article 371I: Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.
• Article 371J: Special provisions with respect to the State of Karnataka.
• Article 372: Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.
• Article 372A: Power of the President to adapt laws.
• Article 373: Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases.
• Article 374: Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.
• Article 375: Courts, authorities, and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution.
• Article 376: Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.
• Article 377: Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
• Article 378: Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.
• Article 378A: Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
• Article 379-391: [Repealed.]
• Article 392: Power of the President to remove difficulties.

Part XXII: Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals

Articles 393-395

• Article 393: Short title.
• Article 394: Commencement.
• Article 394A: Authoritative text in the Hindi language.
• Article 395: Repeals.

This concludes the detailed

Schedules of the Indian Constitution and Important Articles

The Indian Constitution includes 12 schedules, each serving a specific purpose and containing important provisions. Below is a summary of each schedule along with some important articles related to them:

List of other Important Articles in the Indian Constitution

Understanding these articles of the Indian Constitution will help candidates do well in the Polity section. However, not all of them are equally important for the Prelims and UPSC Mains exams. The key articles of the Indian Constitution for the civil services examination are listed in the table below:

Important Articles of the Indian Constitution	Importance of Indian Articles
Article 12-35	Fundamental Rights
Article 36-50	Directive Principles of State Policy
Article 51A	Fundamental Duties
Article 80	Number of Seats in Rajya Sabha
Article 243-243 (o)	Panchayati Raj Institutions
Article 343	Hindi as Official Language
Article 356	Imposition of President’s Rule
Article 370	Special Status of Jammu & Kashmir
Article 395	Repeals Indian Independence Act and Government of India Act 1919

The Constitution of India was created by a constituent assembly and accepted by the people, as stated in the preamble. This shows that the Constitution is the highest law of the land, not Parliament. Therefore, Parliament cannot go against the Constitution.