Table of Contents
Definition:
Gametogenesis, the process of making a mature gamete, is an important part of the health and well-being of both humans and animal species. It is particularly active in important male and female genetic and epigenetic processes that support normal gametogenesis by isolation to fertilization.
In animals and higher plants, different classification systems lead to the formation of two different types of gametes (male and female). Gametogenesis occurs during the formation of haploid cells from diploid cells through meiosis. We call gametogenesis in male spermatogenesis, which produces sperm. In women, this is called oogenesis. It works on the formation of ovules.
Men and women have different types of gametogenesis:
1. Spermatogenesis (male)
2. Oogenesis (female)
Spermatogenesis:
Males begin to produce sperm when they reach puberty. Puberty is usually 10-16 years old. Healthy men regularly produce large amounts of sperm (about 200 million a day). This increases the chances of sperm reaching the egg after ejaculation.
Sperm production occurs in the male testicles, especially the seminiferous tubules. The blood-testis barrier builds up in the testicles and separates the tubes around the circulatory system.
Sperm protection:
Sertoli cells form the blood-testis barrier. This is important to prevent substances in the blood from affecting sperm growth. These products may contain hormones and waste products.
It is also very important as it prevents the male immune system from detecting sperm as overseas bodies — sperm are genetically different from males and lower specific antigens.
Formation of active sperms:
Sperm cells are the first pool of diploid cells that divide by mitosis to form two identical cells. One of these cells is used to fill the sperm pool. These are A1 sperm cells. This recruitment of sperm means that the man fertilizes when he is older. Another cell, B-type sperm, eventually produces mature sperm.
Sperm Type B is repeated several times with mitosis
To form identical diploid cells connected to cytoplasmic bridges. These cells are now called primary sperm cells. The primary spermatocytes then receive meiosis.
Maturity:
Fracture of the cytoplasmic bridge and sperm cells is released from the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. This is a process known as spermatogenesis. Sperm cells undergo spermatogenesis (regeneration and division into mature sperm) as they travel through seminiferous tubes all the way to the epididymis.
The cells then move to the epididymis, where sperm are stored and pass through the final stages of maturation.
Ejaculation:
When sperm comes out of the male body and enters the female reproductive system, the sperm gains power in terms. This removes cholesterol and glycoproteins from the sperm’s head, allowing sperm to bind to them pellucid.
Oogenesis:
The impact of gametogenesis in women is associated with a mature female gamete. This is caused by a process called oogenesis. This occurs in the ovaries or in the female gonads. There are three stages of oogenesis; that is, the repetition phase, the growth phase, and the maturity phase.
Oogenesis differs from spermatogenesis in that it begins in the fetus before birth. The germ cells that start (rising from the yolk sac) migrate to their place inside the cortex of the first gonads. Mitotic recurrence reaches a peak in about 7 million babies during pregnancy (~ 20 weeks).
Meiosis I begins before birth to form basic oocytes. Therefore, the number of eggs is limited. Basic oocytes are found in clusters on the gonads.
Basic oocytes go through three stages:
- Pre-antral
- Antral
- Pre-ovulatory
Pre-Antral:
Basic oocytes are still in meiosis I, but they grow significantly at this stage. Follicular cells grow and multiply to form a stratified squamous epithelium. These are called granulosa cells, and they produce glycoproteins.
Antral:
Dense liquid areas form between granulosa cells, which are quickly synthesized to form a fluid-filled environment called an antrum. Now we call the follicles the secondary follicles. Throughout the monthly cycle, these second types of follicles become stronger and more advanced than the effect of FSH, LH, and estrogen.
Pre-ovulatory:
LH surgery causes this stage and meiosis I am complete. Two haploid cells of different sizes are formed in the hair follicle. One of the daughter cells receives a much smaller cytoplasm than other cells and forms the first polar body. Later it does not produce ovules. Another haploid cell known as the second oocyte is also being formed. Both girls’ cells then received meiosis II. The first polar outline will signal the introduction of our polar bodies yet the second oocyte binding in metaphase meiosis II. This happens three hours before ovulation.
Ovulation:
LH surgery occurs and collagenase activity increases. This is an enzyme that destroys collagen. As a result, the follicle wall shrinks. This, coupled with the contraction of the uterine wall muscles, results in the release of eggs from the ovaries. Egg cells are then absorbed into the fallopian tubes through the cilia.
Final Stage – Fertilization:
The second oocyte will successfully terminate meiosis II after fertilization. Here, it gives a 3 polar body. After meiosis II, a fertilized egg emerges. If fertilization does not occur, the oocyte shrinks 24 hours after maturation, eventually bound to meiosis II.
Graafian follicle function and luteinization in nonprimates:
The ovarian follicle has two major functions. Provides maturation and release of fertilized oocytes. It also forms the corpus luteum, which promotes and maintains embryonic implantation. For these processes to take place, the follicle must grow, ovulate, and luteinizing. The conversion of granulosa cells to luteal cells requires rapid changes in the expression of certain genes. In this mutation, most of the genes that are expressed in granulosa cells are shut down, while the genes that regulate endothelial cells in luteal cells are induced. Significant changes in the regulation of specific kinase cascades that control proliferation and separation and specific protease cascades that regulate follicle conversion during ovulation and corpus luteum formation. The dramatic reorganization of gene expression in granulosa cells leading to those luteal cells is completed within 5 to 7 hours and is irreversible.
Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs, occurs through the process of meiosis. During meiosis, the division of the two cells separates the chromosomes that are attached to the nucleus and separates the chromatids formed during the previous phase of the cell life cycle. Meiosis produces haploid cells that contain part of each pair of chromosomes commonly found in diploid cells. Sperm production is called spermatogenesis and egg production is called oogenesis.
Also read: Male and Female Reproductive Systems
FAQs
What is a gamete?
Gamete cells are particularly active in sexual reproduction. They contain a fraction of the total number of chromosomes in a species and are combined with another gamete to produce twice the number of chromosomes in a gamete cell.
What is a gonad?
The gonads are the organs that produce gametes. They contain cells that differentiate and form bacterial cells. In men, the gonads testicles. In women, the gonads are the ovaries.
What is the function of the flagellum?
Flagellates are formed from post-nuclear relocation centers. Its function is to encourage migration to the ovum.
