Table of Contents
Chemical Test For Unsaturation (Aim of the Test) ; Theory
; Procedure ;
Results
The chemical test for unsaturation is used to determine whether a molecule is capable of forming more than one covalent bond. The theory behind the test is that if a molecule is capable of forming more than one covalent bond, it will do so in such a way that it reduces the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule. This is because hydrogen atoms are the most reactive atoms in a molecule and tend to form covalent bonds with other atoms.
The procedure for conducting the test is as follows:
1. Add a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to a test tube.
2. Add a small amount of the molecule to be tested to the acid.
3. Observe the reaction that takes place.
If the molecule is capable of forming more than one covalent bond, it will react with the sulfuric acid to produce a hydrogen sulfate ion. This ion will be visible as a white precipitate in the test tube.
The results of the test can be read by observing the reaction that takes place. If a white precipitate is formed, it indicates that the molecule is capable of forming more than one covalent bond.
Hydrocarbons
are molecules that are composed of hydrogen and carbon. Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have only single bonds between the carbons. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have at least one double bond between the carbons. Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond between the carbons.
The difference between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes is the number of bonds between the carbons. Alkanes have only single bonds, alkenes have at least one double bond, and alkynes have at least one triple bond.
Classification Of Hydrocarbons
There are two types of hydrocarbons: saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon atom. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
1. Saturated Hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom. This means that the hydrocarbons are not branched and each carbon atom is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Saturated hydrocarbons are found in natural gas, crude oil and petroleum products. Some examples of saturated hydrocarbons are methane, ethane, propane and butane.
2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are molecules that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
They are also called olefins.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are typically liquids or gases at room temperature.
Some common unsaturated hydrocarbons include propane, butane, and ethane.
Unsaturation in an Organic Compound is Detected by
The unsaturation in an organic compound is detected by a change in the compound’s physical properties. For example, an organic compound with unsaturation will be more likely to be a liquid at room temperature than a compound without unsaturation.
Materials Required For the Test
You will need a calculator and a pencil.
Precautions
Do not use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Do not use if you have a bleeding disorder.
Do not use if you are allergic to ginger.
Possible side effects include:
• skin rash
• itching
• diarrhea
• heartburn
• gas
• nausea
• vomiting
(a) Preparation of Reagents
1. All reagents and solvents used in this experiment were of analytical grade and were used as received.
2. 1,4-Dioxane was distilled from sodium before use.
3. Benzene was distilled from sodium before use.
4. Toluene was distilled from sodium before use.
5. Ethyl acetate was distilled from sodium before use.
6. Acetic acid was distilled from sodium before use.
7. Potassium hydroxide was prepared by dissolving 49.7 g of potassium carbonate in water and making up to 1 L.
8. Sulfuric acid was prepared by diluting 98% H2SO4 to a concentration of 1.0 M.
9. Sodium chloride was prepared by dissolving NaCl in water and making up to 1 L.
10. Sodium bicarbonate was prepared by dissolving NaHCO3 in water and making up to 1 L.
11. Sodium tetrahydroborate was prepared by dissolving NaBH4 in water and making up to 1 L.
12. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride was prepared by dissolving NaBH3(OAc)3 in water and making up to 1 L.
13. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) was prepared by dissolving Tris(hyd
(b) Alkaline Potassium Permanganate Test (Baeyer’s Test)
To 1 mL of the sample add 1 mL of 0.1 N potassium permanganate. Shake and allow to stand for 10 minutes.
If the solution turns pink, the sample contains phenols.
If the solution remains colorless, the sample does not contain phenols.
(c) Bromine Test
A sample of the water is placed in a test tube and a few drops of bromine are added. A violet color will develop if chlorine is present.
(i) Water-soluble Compounds:
Water-soluble compounds are those which can be dissolved in water. These compounds are generally good electrolytes and can be easily transported in the body. Examples of water-soluble compounds are salts, glucose, and amino acids.
(ii) Lipid-soluble Compounds:
Lipid-soluble compounds are those which can be dissolved in lipids. These compounds are not good electrolytes and cannot be easily transported in the body. Examples of lipid-soluble compounds are fatty acids, steroids, and hydrocarbons.
(ii) Water-insoluble Compounds:
Non-polar substances that are insoluble in water are called hydrophobic compounds. These compounds do not dissolve in water and tend to aggregate or clump together. Hydrophobic compounds include oils, waxes, and other non-polar molecules.
(iii) Gaseous Compounds:
The gaseous compounds are those which are in the form of molecules and atoms. The molecules are held together by the forces of attraction between the atoms. The molecules are held together by the forces of attraction between the atoms. The molecules are in constant motion and collide with each other. The gaseous compounds are:
(a) Oxygen:
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas. It is a very important element in the human body. It is found in the air we breathe. It is used to make water and other compounds.
(b) Carbon Dioxide:
Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas. It is found in the air we breathe. It is used to make carbonates and other compounds.
(c) Nitrogen:
Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless gas. It is found in the air we breathe. It is used to make ammonia and other compounds.
5. Phenol
Phenol is a colorless crystalline compound with a characteristic odor. It is a weak acid that is soluble in water and ethanol. It is used in the production of plastics, resins, and pharmaceuticals. Phenol is a skin and eye irritant.
6. Aniline
Aniline is a toxic, colorless, and volatile liquid that is used in the production of dyes, plastics, and other chemicals. It is also a component of coal tar and can cause skin irritation and respiratory problems.
7. Propene
This organic compound is the simplest alkene. It is a colourless gas with a sweet smell. It is used to produce plastics, solvents, and other chemicals.
8. The Importance Of Alkene In Food
And Beverages
Alkenes are important in food and beverage production because they are flavor compounds. They are responsible for the flavors and aromas of many fruits and vegetables. Some of the most important alkenes in food production are ethylene, propylene, and butylene.
9. Benzene
Benzene is a clear, colorless liquid with a sweet odor. It is a solvent that is used in making plastics, rubber, and other synthetic materials. Benzene is also a component of gasoline.
Benzene is a known human carcinogen. It can cause leukemia and other blood cancers. Benzene is also a central nervous system depressant.
10. Toluene
Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a sweet odor. It is a solvent that is used in making plastics, rubber, and other synthetic materials. Toluene is also a component of gasoline.
Toluene is a known human carcinogen. It can cause leukemia and other blood cancers. Toluene is also a central nervous system depressant.
