Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Polymers – Explanation, Types and FAQs

Before learning about Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Polymers, we should first see what are polymers.

So what are Polymers?

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. They are formed through a process called polymerization, where monomers chemically bond together to create long chains or networks.

The monomers that make up polymers can be the same or different, and their arrangement and bonding determine the properties of the resulting polymer. Polymers can have a wide range of structures, from linear chains to branched or crosslinked networks.

Polymers are essential in many aspects of everyday life. They are used in numerous applications, including plastics, rubber, fibers, adhesives, coatings, and many other materials. The versatility of polymers arises from their ability to be tailored to specific requirements by selecting appropriate monomers and controlling the polymerization process.

Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Polymers:

Biodegradable Polymers:

1. Definition: Biodegradable polymers are those that can be broken down into simpler compounds by the action of microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, under natural environmental conditions.
2. Decomposition: Biodegradable polymers undergo degradation through enzymatic or microbial activity, which breaks down the polymer chains into smaller fragments. These fragments can then be further metabolized by microorganisms and eventually assimilated into the natural biological cycles of the environment.
3. Environmental Impact: Biodegradable polymers are considered more environmentally friendly because they have the potential to reduce plastic waste accumulation and minimize the long-term environmental impact associated with persistent polymers.
4. Examples: Some examples of biodegradable polymers include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and starch-based polymers.

Non-Biodegradable Polymers:

1. Definition: Non-biodegradable polymers are those that do not undergo significant degradation or decomposition by natural biological processes within a reasonable timeframe.
2. Persistence: Non-biodegradable polymers can persist in the environment for extended periods, leading to accumulation and potential environmental pollution.
3. Environmental Impact: Non-biodegradable polymers contribute to the global issue of plastic waste pollution, as they can persist in landfills, water bodies, and other ecosystems. They can have detrimental effects on wildlife, marine life, and the overall health of the environment.
4. Examples: Common examples of non-biodegradable polymers include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and most conventional plastics.

It is important to note that while biodegradable polymers offer potential environmental benefits, their complete degradation still depends on suitable environmental conditions, including temperature, moisture, and the presence of specific microorganisms. Proper waste management practices, such as composting or recycling, are necessary to maximize the environmental benefits of biodegradable polymers and minimize the impact of non-biodegradable polymers.

 

Difference between Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Polymers

The main difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers is that biodegradable polymers can be broken down by living organisms into natural substances, while non-biodegradable polymers cannot.

What are Biodegradable Polymers made from?

Many biodegradable polymers are made from renewable resources such as corn, sugarcane, and tapioca.

Types of Biodegradable Polymers:

There are several types of biodegradable polymers, each with its own unique properties and applications. Some common types of biodegradable polymers include:

• Polylactic Acid (PLA): PLA is a widely used biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugarcane. It has good mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and can be processed into various forms, including films, fibers, and 3D-printed objects. PLA is commonly used in packaging, disposable cutlery, textiles, and medical applications.
• Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): PHA is a family of biodegradable polymers produced by various microorganisms. They are thermoplastic materials that can be processed similarly to conventional plastics. PHA exhibits good biocompatibility and mechanical properties, making it suitable for applications such as packaging, agricultural films, and medical devices.
• Polybutylene Succinate (PBS): PBS is a biodegradable polyester that can be derived from renewable resources. It has excellent transparency, good mechanical strength, and can be processed into films, fibers, and injection-molded products. PBS is commonly used in packaging, disposable products, and agricultural applications.
• Polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs): PHUs are biodegradable polymers that offer a combination of flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. They have potential applications in medical devices, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.

Types of Non-Biodegradable Polymers:

Non-biodegradable polymers are synthetic polymers that do not readily undergo significant degradation by natural biological processes. Here are some common types of non-biodegradable polymers:

• Polyethylene (PE): Polyethylene is one of the most widely used non-biodegradable polymers. It is a versatile plastic known for its durability, strength, and resistance to chemicals. PE is used in various applications, including packaging, plastic bags, bottles, and pipes.
• Polypropylene (PP): Polypropylene is another commonly used non-biodegradable polymer. It is known for its high melting point, toughness, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and fatigue. PP is used in packaging, automotive components, textiles, and medical devices.
• Polystyrene (PS): Polystyrene is a rigid, transparent polymer with excellent insulation properties. It is used in packaging materials, disposable cups and containers, insulation boards, and foam products like styrofoam.
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): PVC is a versatile polymer known for its durability, electrical insulation properties, and chemical resistance. It is used in a wide range of applications, including pipes, electrical cables, window frames, flooring, and signage.
• Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): PET is a strong and lightweight polymer known for its high clarity and barrier properties. It is commonly used in the production of beverage bottles, food packaging, polyester fibers for clothing, and film products.

FAQs:

Here are some frequently asked questions (FAQs) regarding biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers:

Question 1: What is the difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers?

Answer 1: Biodegradable polymers can be broken down and decomposed by natural processes, such as the action of microorganisms, enzymes, and environmental factors, into simpler substances, such as water, carbon dioxide, and biomass. Non-biodegradable polymers, on the other hand, do not easily break down in the environment and can persist for long periods.

Question 2: Why are non-biodegradable polymers a concern?

Answer 2: Non-biodegradable polymers can accumulate in the environment, leading to issues like plastic pollution. They can persist in ecosystems, harm wildlife, clog waterways, and contribute to long-lasting waste management challenges.

Question 3: What are the main sources of non-biodegradable polymers?

Answer 3: Non-biodegradable polymers are primarily derived from petrochemicals, which are used as raw materials in their production. Petrochemicals are obtained from fossil fuels like crude oil and natural gas.

Question 4: Are there any biodegradable alternatives to non-biodegradable polymers?

Answer 4: Yes, there are biodegradable alternatives available. Some examples include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), starch-based polymers, and cellulose-based polymers. These biodegradable polymers offer environmentally friendly alternatives for various applications.