NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 1 – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Welcome to the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 1 – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe. This chapter delves into the emergence of nationalism in Europe during the 19th century, explaining its causes, impact, and key movements that shaped the political landscape of modern Europe. These solutions will help you understand the chapter comprehensively and excel in your exams.

NCERT Book Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 1 Rise of Nationalism in Europe – CBSE Free PDF Download

In this chapter, you will explore how the idea of nation-states emerged in Europe after the French Revolution, replacing dynastic empires with a new form of governance. You will also examine the impact of Napoleon’s rule, the revolutions of 1848, and how different countries reacted to the concept of nationalism. These NCERT Solutions provide clear, step-by-step answers to all the questions in the textbook. From short answer questions to detailed explanations, our solutions will help you gain a deeper understanding of this significant historical period.

NCERT Solutions – Social Science History Chapter 1

1. Write a note on:

a) Giuseppe Mazzini

1. He founded two secret societies – Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.
2. Members of these societies were like – minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and German states.
3. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republic frightened the conservates.

b) Count Camillode Cavour

Ans. Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont. His contribution to the unification of Italy was.

1. He was a good administrator.
2. He worked for the unification of Italy.
3. He led the movement to unify the regions state.
4. He was a tactful diplomat. He succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

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c) The Greek war of independence

Ans. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), also commonly known as the Greek Revolution was a successful war waged by the Greeks to win independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire.

1. In 1821 the struggle for revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. The Greeks were supported by the West European countries like the French Kingdom, Great Britain and Russian Empire.
2. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilized public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
3. Treaty of Constantinople was part of the Constantinople Conference. France, Britain, and Russia (Great powers), and on the other side the Ottoman Empire participated in Constantinople Conference.

d) Frankfurt parliament

In the German regions a large number of political associations came together in the city of Frankfurt, and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.

1. On 18th May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession with the new constitution to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament, convened in the Church of St. Paul.
2. The main feature of the new constitution was that German nation was to be headed by a monarchy, subject to a parliament.
3. This new constitution was rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV, the King of Prussia. He joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
4. The newly elected members never supported the demands of the poor class so they lost their support.
5. A large number of women also participated in the movement though they were not given political rights.

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e)The role of women in nationalist struggles

Ans. A large number of women had participated in the liberal and national movements in European countries. Women formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations.

However, they were still denied the right to vote and could not enter the Frankfurt Parliament (1848) as representatives but attended only as observers.

3. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Ans. The First clear cut expression of nationalism came in France with the French Revolution in 1789. French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The measures introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people are as follows.

1. The idea of a fatherland (Lapatrie) and citizen (le citizen) emphasised a notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2. A new French flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The estates General was elected by the active citizens and was renamed as the national Assembly.
3. New hymn were composed, oaths taken and the martyrs commemorated in the name of Nation.
4. Regionaldialects were discouraged and French was declared as the common language of the Nation.

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3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Ans.

1. Marianne and Germania were respective female allegories for the French and the German nation.
2. They stood as personifications of ideals like liberty and the republic.
3. The importance of the way in which they were portrayed lay in the fact that the public could identify with their symbolic meaning and this would instill a sense of national unity in them.

4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Ans. The process of German Unification :

Frankfurt Parliament 1848 : The Frankfurt Parliament tried its best for the unification of Germany under the leadership of King Wilhelm IV of Prussia, but it failed.

1. Unification under the leadership of Prussia : This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the Movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto Von Bismarck, was the architect of the process, and carried out the movement for national unification with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy.
2. Role of Bismarck : Bismarck was one of the greatest sons of Prussia who accomplished the supreme task of the unification of Germany with the help of the army bureaucracy. He was convinced that the unification of Germany could be achieved only by the Princes, and not by the people. He wanted to achieve his aim by not merging Prussia into Germany but rather, by expanding Prussia into Germany.
3. Three Wars : Bismarck’s object of unifying Germany was accomplished by three wars, which were fought during a brief period of seven years. War with Denmark (1865), Austro-Prussian War (1866), Franco-Prussian War (1870).
4. Final Unification of Germany : The above wars ended in Prussian victory and helped in completing the process of unification. On January 18, 1871, in the Royal Palace of Versailles, the King of, Prussia was crowned as the German Emperor and the ceremony symbolised in the eyes of the world, the newly born unity of the German people.

5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Ans. In administrative field Napoleon introduced a number of revolutionary principles

1. He wanted to make the whole system rational and efficient. In 1804, he introduced a new civil code known as the Napoleonic Code which did away with all privileges based on birth.
2. He established equality before law.
3. Secured the right to property.
4. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and menial dues. In towns guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication system was improved. Thus though he destroyed democracy for coming to power in administration he did introduce revolutionary principles.

DISCUSS

1. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?

Ans. The liberals supported important political, social and economic ideals.

1. Politically it emphasised the concept of representative government based on the consent of the people. Liberalism also stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges encouraged supremacy of the people which was upheld by a constitution. Nineteenth century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.
2. Socially it emphasises equality of all before law and individual freedom.
3. In economic sphere it stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods, removal of tariff barriers, etc.

2. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.

Ans. Culture of the people plays a significant role in strengthening nationalistic feelings.

1. The idea of a nation can be created through stories, poems or painting. Music often helped in expressing and shaping the nationalist feelings. It focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
2. Romanticism, a cultural movement in Europe made effort to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
3. Folk culture such as folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances displays the true spirit of the nation and unites common people. Pride in folk culture and promotion of Vernacular language help in nation building.
4. The emphasis of vernacular languages and the collection of local folklore recovered the ancient national spirit and helped to carry the message to the illiterates.

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3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century?

Ans.

1. Italy became a nation because of efforts of Cavour. He made strategic alliances with France to defeat the Austrian forces. After several wars, the unification of Italy could become a possibility and it emerged as a nation state.
2. Greece proclaimed independence from Ottoman Empire by citing its ancient culture which was entirely different from the Muslim Ottoman Empire. Many Greek who were in exile also supported this movement.
3. These examples show that various factors were at work towards development of nation states over the nineteenth century.
4. Inmost of the cases, a history of shared culture, repression of the poor at the hands of the powerful and the origin of liberalism were the catalyst which worked towards developing the sense of nationalism among people.

4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

Ans.

1. Formation of the nation-state was not due to sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process.
2. The primary identities of people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
3. The Act of Union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Scottish people were forbidden from speaking their Gaelic language and from wearing their national dress. Many were driven out of their homeland.
4. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the UK in 1801. This was achieved by the English helping the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over the Catholics.
5. The symbols of th new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God save our Noble King) and the English language were actively promoted, and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

5. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Ans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising the modern-day Romania Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,Macedonia. Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slovene, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitation were broadly known as the Slavs. The Balkan Peninsula had been under the rule of the Ottoman Turks since long. The major factors responsible for Balkan issue were asfollows :

• Explosive region : The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
• Internal conflicts : As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other, and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the other.
• Source of rivalry between big powers : Matters further complicated the situation because the Balkan also became the scene of big power rivalry. During this period, there was an intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as the naval and military might.
• Series of wars : Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro- Hungary – were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending their own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally, the First World War.

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