MG Full Form – Magnesium

The Full form of MG is Magnesium, it is a chemical element. Its oxidation state is usually +2. Magnesium is obtained by electrolysis of magnesium salts. These salts come from brine. It is less dense than aluminium. It is used in strong and light alloys. These alloys often contain aluminium.

What is the Full Form of Mg?

In chemistry Full form of MG is Magnesium

What is MG?

Magnesium has the chemical symbol Mg. It is a light grey metal with low specific weight, which, relative to aluminum, is heavier. Mg will quickly react with air to produce a protective oxide layer to prevent further corrosion of the element. Magnesium burns with a bright white light.

Magnesium is mainly extracted from brine through electrolysis. It is often used in making light and strong alloys with aluminium. Magnesium is also important for human health. It helps nerves, muscles, and bones work properly.

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Magnesium Physical properties

Magnesium is a gray-white metal. It is very light. It has two-thirds the density of aluminium. It possesses the lowest boiling and melting points of the alkaline earth metals.

Pure magnesium is brittle. It breaks easily along shear bands. It becomes more flexible when mixed with small amounts of other metals like aluminium. Reducing the grain size also makes it more flexible.

Finely powdered magnesium reacts with water. It forms hydrogen gas and magnesium hydroxide. This reaction is slow. A layer of magnesium hydroxide forms on the surface. This layer stops further reaction.

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Mg Chemical Properties

1. Magnesium has strong reducing power. It tarnishes with contact with air but oxidises to a protective oxide layer, preventing future corrosion. Magnesium reacts with air and forms MgO. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, magnesium reacts to form magnesium peroxide (MgO2). At low temperatures, it forms magnesium superoxide.
2. Magnesium reacts with nitrogen when heated. It forms magnesium nitride (Mg3N2). It reacts slowly with water at room temperature. Hydrogen bubbles form on its surface. Powdered magnesium reacts faster. Higher temperatures speed up the reaction.
3. Magnesium also reacts with acids like hydrochloric acid. It produces magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. Magnesium can ignite and is used to start thermite reactions.
4. Magnesium is important in organic chemistry. It forms Grignard reagents with haloalkanes. These reagents help form carbon-carbon bonds.
5. Examples are phenylmagnesium bromide and ethylmagnesium bromide. Magnesium anthracene is another important compound. It supplies active magnesium. Butadiene-magnesium gives butadiene dianion. Dimagnesium(I) complexes also exist.
6. Magnesium ions can be detected in solutions. NH4OH, NH4Cl, & NaH2PO4 cause a white precipitate. This shows magnesium is present. Azo violet dye also helps. It turns blue with magnesium salts in an alkaline solution. The color comes from magnesium hydroxide.

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Magnesium Alloys

The magnesium alloys usage is very low as of 2013. Less than one million tonnes were used per year. In comparison, aluminium alloys reached 50 million tonnes. Magnesium alloys have some limits. They can corrode easily. They creep at high temperatures. They can also catch fire. These reasons restrict their use.

Corrosion Form

The presence of iron, nickel, copper, or cobalt in magnesium alloys contributes to corrosion. Even small amounts make it worse. These metals form intermetallic compounds. These compounds act as active cathodic sites. They reduce water and cause magnesium loss.

Controlling these metals improves corrosion resistance. Manganese helps reduce the effects of iron. But it needs precise control. This increases production costs.

Cathodic poisons can also help. They trap hydrogen inside the metal. This stops free hydrogen gas from forming. Free hydrogen gas increases corrosion.

Adding a small amount of arsenic helps. Just one part in three hundred is enough. This reduces corrosion in saltwater by nearly ten times.

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High Temperature Creep & Flammability Form

Magnesium can deform at high temperatures. This is called creep. Adding zinc and rare-earth elements reduces this problem. Magnesium is also flammable. A small amount of calcium in the alloy reduces this risk.

Rare-earth elements make magnesium alloys safer. These alloys can resist fire at very high temperatures. Some alloys may not catch fire even near magnesium’s boiling point.

Magnesium Compounds

Magnesium makes many important compounds. These compounds are used in industries and medicine. Magnesium carbonate and magnesium chloride are common. Magnesium citrate is used in health products. Magnesium hydroxide is called milk of magnesia.
Magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate are widely used. Epsom salt is magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Magnesium hydride is being studied. It may help store hydrogen safely. Research on this continued till 2020.

Isotopes of Magnesium

• Magnesium has three stable isotopes. These are 24Mg, 25Mg, and 26Mg. All three are naturally found. 24Mg is the most common. It makes up about 79% of natural magnesium.
• The isotope 28Mg is radioactive, and it was produced in the nuclear power plants from the 1950s to the 1970s. It was used for scientific studies. Its half-life is 21 hours. This made it hard to use because of shipping delays.
• 26Mg is important in geology. It comes from the decay of 26Al. The half-life of 26Al is 717,000 years. Extra 26Mg is found in some meteorites. These meteorites are rich in calcium and aluminium. The excess of 26Mg is the result of the decay of 26Al.
• These meteorites probably formed early in the solar nebula. This happened before 26Al decayed completely. They are some of the oldest materials in the Solar System. They help scientists study the history of the Solar System.
• Geologists plot 26Mg/24Mg ratios against Al/Mg ratios. Usually, 27Al/24Mg is used on the x-axis. The slope of the plot does not show the age. It shows the original 26Al/27Al ratio at the time the materials separated.

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Magnesium Production

Magnesium is found in the Earth’s crust. It is the 8th-most-abundant element by mass. It is tied with iron in terms of molarity. Magnesium is found in minerals such as CaMg(CO3)2 and MgCO3. It can also be found in mineral waters. Magnesium ions are water-soluble.

There are over 60 minerals containing magnesium, but few are used commercially. These include dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, talc, and olivine. Magnesium is also found in seawater. It is the second-most-abundant cation in seawater.

In 2017, world production was about 1,100 kilotons. China produced 930 kilotons. Russia produced 60 kilotons. The U.S. was once the top producer. Its share fell after China mastered the Pidgeon process. By 2013, only one U.S. producer remained, US Magnesium.

In 2021, China cut magnesium production. This was to reduce energy use. Prices increased sharply after this move.

Pidgeon and Bolzano Processes

The Pidgeon and Bolzano processes make magnesium metal. Both use magnesium oxide as a starting point. Magnesium oxide comes from heating dolomite. This releases carbon dioxide and leaves magnesium oxide.

Reduction happens at high temperatures. Silicon or ferrosilicon is used. CaO reacts with silicon to form CaO·SiO₂. Magnesium is released as a gas. This gas is condensed to collect pure magnesium.

The Pidgeon process is widely used. It is simple and gives high-purity magnesium. China mainly uses this process.

Dow Process

The Dow process uses electrolysis. It extracts magnesium from magnesium chloride. Magnesium chloride comes from seawater. Calcium hydroxide is added to seawater. This forms magnesium hydroxide. It is filtered and reacted with HCl to make magnesium chloride.
Electrolysis separates magnesium and chlorine. The reaction happens at 680–750 °C. Magnesium forms at the cathode. Chlorine forms at the anode. The process uses much energy and releases chlorine gas. This poses environmental risks. The U.S. once used this method in Texas. It was based on seawater and brine.

Carbothermic Process

The carbothermic process uses carbon and magnesium oxide. It forms carbon monoxide and magnesium. Slow cooling can reverse the reaction. To prevent this, magnesium vapor is dissolved in a solvent. Quick cooling also works.

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YSZ Process

The YSZ process uses solid oxide membranes. Magnesium oxide is reduced electrolytically. The electrolyte is yttria-stabilized zirconia. Oxygen is removed at the anode. Magnesium forms at the cathode. Using silver as the anode produces oxygen only. This method cuts production costs.

Rieke Process

The Rieke process makes highly reactive metals. It reduces metal salts using alkali metals. It uses ether or hydrocarbon solvents. Rieke magnesium was first made in 1974. The process was finalized in 1989.

Uses of Magnesium

Magnesium is the third-most-used metal after iron and aluminium. It is widely used in alloys, casting, steel production, and titanium production. Magnesium is light and strong. It is often mixed with other materials to make stronger products.
In aerospace, magnesium was used in German aircraft during World War I and II. The metal alloy was called Elektron. Today, magnesium alloys are used more because they help reduce fuel usage. They can replace aluminium and steel in many parts.

1. Aircraft Uses – During World War II, magnesium crankcases were used in engines. This caused problems during fires. Boeing B-29 bombers had these issues.

2. Automotive Uses – Magnesium alloys are used in cars. Bugatti and Mercedes-Benz used them for car bodies. Porsche used them in race cars. Volkswagen and BMW have used magnesium in some engine components; BMW used special magnesium alloys from 2005 to 2011. Chevrolet used magnesium in the 2006 Corvette Z06. Newer alloys are made to resist heat and stay strong.

3. Electronics Uses – Magnesium is used in phones, laptops, and cameras. It makes devices light and strong. Some laptops in 2020 used it for this reason.

4. As a Light Source – Magnesium burns at 3,100°C and produces a bright white light. It is used to start fires in emergencies. It was used in old camera flashes. Today, it is found in fireworks, flares, and candles. It also helps ignite thermite reactions.

5. Military Uses – Magnesium was used in incendiaries in World War II. Magnesium fires are hard to stop. It burns even in carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or water.

6. Chemical Reagent – Magnesium is used to make Grignard reagents in chemistry. These are important for organic reactions.

7. Magnesium Compounds – Magnesium oxide is used in furnace linings. It is also used in farming, construction, and wires. Magnesium compounds make Grignard reagents. These help in forming carbon bonds in chemistry.

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Biological Roles of Magnesium

Magnesium is important for all living cells. It works closely with phosphate in the body. This helps in RNA, DNA, & ATP functions. Over 300 enzymes need magnesium to work properly. ATP, the body’s energy molecule, normally binds with magnesium ions.

Supplements

Most people get enough from food. Supplements help with deficiencies, pregnancy, and health problems. Magnesium may help with migraines, but proof is limited.

Metabolism

Adults have 22–26 grams of magnesium. Most is in bones. The body controls levels through the gut and kidneys. Low magnesium affects potassium and calcium balance.

Deficiency of Magnesium

Common causes: poor diet, alcohol, and medicine. Symptoms: cramps, heart issues, weakness. Links to diabetes, BP, and metabolic issues.

Medical Uses of Magnesium

Used for arrhythmias, pregnancy issues, and deficiency. It may help prevent migraines.

Overdose of Magnesium

Rare from food. Happens with too many supplements. Symptoms: vomiting, confusion, slow heart rate, death (severe cases).

Magnesium in Plants

Plants need magnesium for chlorophyll. Lack causes yellow leaves. Treated with Epsom salts or limestone.

MG Full Form – Magnesium FAQs

What is Mg?

Mg means Magnesium. It is a light metal.

What happens if plants do not get magnesium?

Their leaves turn yellow. This stops proper food-making in plants.

Can magnesium be harmful?

Too much from supplements is harmful. It can cause vomiting and confusion. In serious cases, it can slow the heart or cause death.

What fruit has a lot of magnesium?

Dried apricots, bananas, and Vegetables, especially leafy, dark green ones, Lima, navy, and black-eyed peas are examples of dried beans.