Birth Control – Definition, Methods, Devices, and FAQs

Birth control, also called contraception, is the use of methods or devices to avoid pregnancy. These can include birth control pills, IUDs (intrauterine devices), condoms, sterilization, and more. The type of birth control used depends on personal preferences and needs. Some options also protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

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Birth Control Types

Birth control refers to various methods used to prevent pregnancy. These methods range from temporary options, like pills and condoms, to permanent solutions, like surgery, allowing individuals to choose the best method based on their health and lifestyle.

1. Barrier Methods

• Condoms

Condoms act as a physical barrier to block sperm from reaching the egg, reducing the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). There are two types:

1. Male Condoms: Worn on the penis, they prevent sperm from entering the vagina during intercourse.
2. Female Condoms: Inserted into the vagina, they line the vaginal walls to block sperm.

• Diaphragm

A diaphragm is a soft, dome-shaped cup made of silicone or latex. It is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix and prevent sperm from reaching the egg. It is often used with spermicide for added protection.

• Cervical Cap

Similar to a diaphragm but smaller, the cervical cap fits tightly over the cervix. It also blocks sperm from entering the uterus and is usually used with spermicide.

• Contraceptive Sponge

This is a small, soft sponge that contains spermicide. It is placed inside the vagina to block and kill sperm, providing both a physical and chemical barrier to pregnancy.

2. Hormonal Methods

Hormonal methods of birth control work by preventing ovulation and altering the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg.

• Birth Control Pills
  

Birth control pill, or “the pill,” is a popular hormonal contraceptive. It contains synthetic hormones that prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation and making it harder for sperm to reach the egg. There are two main types: combined pills (estrogen and progestin) and progestin-only pills.

Besides preventing pregnancy, it can also help with menstrual cycle regulation, cramps, acne, and PCOS. However, it may have side effects and isn’t suitable for everyone, so it’s important to consult a doctor to find the right option.

Taken daily, these pills contain synthetic hormones (either estrogen and progestin or progestin-only) that stop the ovaries from releasing eggs. They are highly effective when taken consistently at the same time each day.

• Patch
  

The patch is worn on the skin and releases hormones (estrogen and progestin) into the bloodstream to prevent ovulation. It is replaced weekly for three weeks, followed by a patch-free week.

• Vaginal Ring
  

This flexible ring is inserted into the vagina and releases hormones to prevent ovulation. It is worn for three weeks and then removed for one week to allow menstruation.

• Injection (Depo-Provera)
  

An injection of progestin is given every three months, preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. It is a long-lasting method but requires regular clinic visits for shots.

• Implant
  

A small, thin rod inserted under the skin of the upper arm, the implant releases progestin over several years, providing long-term protection against pregnancy.

3. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

IUDs are small, T-shaped devices inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. They are long-lasting and highly effective.

• Hormonal IUD
  

This type of IUD releases small amounts of progestin, which thickens the cervical mucus and prevents sperm from fertilizing the egg. It can also thin the uterine lining.

• Copper IUD
  

The copper IUD is non-hormonal and uses copper to create an environment that is toxic to sperm, preventing fertilization. It can last up to 10 years and can also be used as emergency contraception.

4. Permanent Methods

Permanent methods of birth control are surgical procedures that provide lifelong protection against pregnancy.

• Tubal Ligation
  

This procedure involves cutting, tying, or blocking the fallopian tubes in women, preventing eggs from reaching the uterus for fertilization.

• Vasectomy
  

A vasectomy is a surgical procedure for men where the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm, are cut or sealed. This prevents sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation.

5. Natural Methods

Natural methods involve tracking fertility or relying on physical actions to prevent pregnancy. These methods require discipline and understanding of the menstrual cycle.

• Fertility Awareness
  

This method involves tracking the menstrual cycle and avoiding sex on the days when the woman is most fertile. It requires careful monitoring of body temperature and cervical mucus.

• Withdrawal
  

Also known as the “pull-out method,” this involves the male partner withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the reproductive system.

6. Emergency Contraception

Emergency contraception is used after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. It is not meant to be a regular form of birth control.

• Morning-After Pill
  

This pill is taken within 72 hours after unprotected sex to prevent ovulation or fertilization. The sooner it is taken, the more effective it is.

• Copper IUD
  

If inserted within five days after unprotected sex, the copper IUD can prevent pregnancy. It is a highly effective form of emergency contraception.

• Birth Control Methods

Birth control, or contraception, includes various methods to prevent pregnancy. These methods can be used by both males and females, each with different levels of effectiveness and considerations. Choosing the right method depends on personal health, lifestyle, and preferences.

Birth Control Methods for Males

Male birth control methods focus primarily on blocking or reducing sperm from fertilizing an egg. These methods vary in their approach, from temporary barrier options to permanent surgical solutions.

1. Condoms: Condoms are one of the most widely used male contraceptives. They are thin sheaths made of latex or other materials, worn over the penis during intercourse to prevent sperm from reaching the egg. With perfect use, condoms are 98% effective, but typical use brings their effectiveness down to around 85%.

Condoms also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), making them a popular and accessible choice. However, condoms must be used correctly every time to ensure their full effectiveness.

2. Vasectomy: A vasectomy is a minor surgical procedure where the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles, are cut or blocked. This prevents sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation, making it a permanent solution for birth control. Vasectomies are over 99% effective and are generally considered irreversible.

This method is ideal for men who are sure they don’t want children in the future. The procedure has minimal long-term health risks, but individuals should consider it carefully due to its permanent nature.

3. Withdrawal (Pulling Out): The withdrawal method involves the man pulling out his penis from the vagina before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering. This method is about 78% effective with typical use.

While it costs nothing and requires no medical intervention, withdrawal has a high failure rate, especially due to pre-ejaculate fluid that may contain sperm. This method also does not provide protection against STIs.

4. Spermicide: Spermicide is a chemical that kills sperm, available in forms like foam, gel, or suppositories. It is usually used along with barrier methods like condoms to increase effectiveness. When used alone, spermicide is about 71% effective. While it’s easy to use, it does not protect against STIs and can cause irritation in some users.

Birth Control Methods for Females

Female birth control methods range from hormonal approaches to non-hormonal options, offering a variety of solutions that suit different needs. These methods provide both temporary and long-term contraceptive options.

1. Birth Control Pills: Birth control pills are oral contraceptives taken daily to prevent pregnancy. These pills contain hormones (estrogen and progestin) that stop ovulation and thicken cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to reach the egg. With perfect use, the pill is 99% effective, but typical use results in about 91% effectiveness.

In addition to pregnancy prevention, the pill can regulate menstrual cycles and reduce cramps. However, it requires strict daily adherence, and some women may experience side effects like nausea, weight gain, or mood changes.

2. Intrauterine Device (IUD): An IUD is a small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus that prevents sperm from fertilizing the egg. There are two types of IUDs: hormonal, which releases hormones to prevent pregnancy, and copper, which creates a hostile environment for sperm.

Both types are over 99% effective and provide long-term protection (3-10 years, depending on the type). Once inserted, IUDs require little maintenance but may cause initial discomfort or irregular bleeding.

3. Contraceptive Implants: Contraceptive implants are small rods placed under the skin of the upper arm, releasing hormones to prevent ovulation. Implants are over 99% effective and provide protection for up to three years.

Like the IUD, this method requires minimal maintenance but must be inserted and removed by a healthcare provider. Some users may experience irregular periods or other side effects.

4. Contraceptive Injections (Depo-Provera): The contraceptive injection is a hormonal shot given every three months to prevent ovulation. With typical use, it is about 94% effective. The injection is convenient for those who prefer long-lasting protection without needing daily attention, but it does require regular visits to a healthcare provider. Some side effects include weight gain, mood swings, and irregular bleeding.
5. Barrier Methods: Female barrier methods include diaphragms, cervical caps, and female condoms. These methods work by blocking sperm from entering the uterus. Effectiveness ranges from 70-85%, depending on the method and proper use. These non-hormonal options are suitable for women who want a temporary solution without affecting their hormones, though they must be used correctly every time to be effective.

Birth Control Side Effects

The following are the side effects of Birth Control Methods:

Hormonal Birth Control (Pills, Patches, Injections)

• Headaches
• Nausea
• Breast tenderness
• Weight gain
• Mood swings
• Irregular menstrual bleeding

Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

• Heavier periods
• Irregular menstrual cycles
• Increased cramps
• Spotting

Implants

• Irregular bleeding
• Headaches
• Weight gain

Sterilization

• Swelling
• Bruising
• Blood in semen (for men)

Birth Control FAQs

What is the best birth control method?

The best birth control method varies for each individual based on personal health, lifestyle, and preferences. Consulting with a healthcare provider can help determine the most suitable option.

What is the definition of birth control?

Birth control, also known as contraception, refers to methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. These can include hormonal pills, condoms, IUDs, and sterilization procedures.

Are birth control pills safe?

Birth control pills are generally safe for most women, but they can have side effects and risks. It's important to consult a healthcare provider to assess individual health conditions before starting them.

Why do females use birth control?

Females use birth control to prevent unintended pregnancies, regulate menstrual cycles, and manage various health conditions. It allows women to have control over their reproductive health.