Table of Contents
What does Cytology Mean? Techniques ; Processes;
Cytology is the study of cells and their component parts. The term cytology comes from the Greek word “kytos” meaning “container” or “vessel” and “logia” meaning “the study of”.
Techniques used in cytology include microscopy, flow cytometry, and cytochemistry. Processes that occur in cells include metabolism, protein synthesis, and DNA replication.
Origin of Cytology
Cytology is the study of the structure and function of cells. It is one of the oldest branches of biology, and was founded by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in the early 1800s.
Cell Culture:
Cell culture is the process of growing cells in a controlled environment. This can be done in a lab or in a bioreactor. Cells can be grown from a variety of sources, including embryos, adult tissue, and stem cells.
The cells are placed in a container with a growth medium. The growth medium contains nutrients and other compounds that help the cells to grow. The cells are then placed in an incubator, which is a controlled environment that provides the right temperature and humidity for the cells to grow.
The cells will grow and divide, forming a cell culture. The cells can be used for research or for production of products such as drugs or vaccines.
Fluorescence Microscopy:
In fluorescence microscopy, a fluorescent dye is added to the specimen. The dye absorbs light of a certain wavelength and emits light of a different wavelength. The microscope then amplifies the emitted light.
The dye can be added to the specimen in several ways. One way is to inject the dye into the cells. Another way is to add the dye to the culture medium in which the cells are growing. The dye can also be added to the specimen after it has been fixed to a slide.
The most common fluorescent dyes are called fluorophores. There are many different types of fluorophores, and each one absorbs and emits light at a different wavelength.
The brightness of the light emitted by a fluorophore depends on how much energy the dye absorbs. The energy of the light determines the wavelength of the light that is emitted.
Fluorescence microscopy can be used to study the structure and function of cells and tissues. It can also be used to study the distribution of proteins and other molecules in cells.
Phase-Contrast Microscopy:
Phase-contrast microscopy is a type of microscopy that utilizes the phase difference of light waves to create an image of a specimen. This type of microscopy is particularly useful for observing specimens that are transparent or have a low refractive index.
The phase-contrast microscope creates an image by altering the phase of light that is transmitted through the specimen. This is accomplished by passing the light through a phase-contrast plate, which creates a phase difference between the light waves that are transmitted through the specimen and the light waves that are transmitted through the plate.
The phase-contrast microscope produces an image that is composed of two parts: the image of the specimen and the image of the phase-contrast plate. The image of the specimen is produced by the light waves that are transmitted through the specimen, and the image of the phase-contrast plate is produced by the light waves that are transmitted through the plate.
Confocal Microscopy:
Confocal microscopy is a technique used to study the structure and organization of cells and tissues. This technique uses a laser to produce a thin, focused beam of light that is passed through a sample. The light is then collected by a detector, which measures the intensity of the light. The detector is mounted on a scanning system that moves the detector across the sample. This system creates a series of images that are then combined to create a three-dimensional image of the sample.
Cell Classification and Composition
The cell is the basic unit of life. It is the smallest structure that can carry on the essential functions of life. Cells are classified by their shape and composition.
There are three types of cells: prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and plant cells.
- Prokaryotic cells are the simplest type of cell. They are unicellular and lack a defined nucleus. Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and other single-celled organisms.
- Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. They are multicellular and have a defined nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are found in all other forms of life, including animals, plants, and fungi.
- Plant cells are a specialized type of eukaryotic cell. They are found in plants and algae. Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, which allow them to produce their own food.
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells are the simplest form of life. They are single cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells and lack many of the features of more complex cells.
The primary organelles in prokaryotic cells are the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal environment and contains the cell’s DNA and ribosomes. The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and controls the entry and exit of molecules and ions.
Other organelles in prokaryotic cells include the cell wall, flagella, and pili. The cell wall is a tough, protective layer that surrounds the cell. Flagella are long, whip-like structures that help the cell move. Pili are thin, hair-like structures that allow cells to stick to each other.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells are distinguished from prokaryotic cells by the presence of a plasma membrane and a plasma membrane-bound organelle, the nucleus. Eukaryotic cells also have other membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi apparatus.
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls the entry and exit of molecules into and out of the cell. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s DNA. The DNA is organized into chromosomes, which are the basic units of heredity.
Other membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells include mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi apparatus. Mitochondria are organelles that generate energy for the cell. Chloroplasts are organelles that convert sunlight into chemical energy that can be used by the cell. Golgi apparatus are organelles that process and package proteins and lipids for export from the cell.
Nucleus accumbens
The nucleus accumbens is a small, almond-shaped region in the brain that is associated with pleasure and reward. This region is activated when people experience feelings of happiness, satisfaction, and pleasure. It is also involved in addiction, as drugs of abuse can cause the release of dopamine in this area, which creates a feeling of euphoria.
Nucleolus
A nuclear organelle that is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomes.
Cell Metabolism
, ISSN 1550-4131, 06/2018, Volume 26, Issue 6, p. 898
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Cell Communication and Signaling
- The Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interactions
- The Extracellular Matrix
- The Cytoskeleton
- The Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interactions
- The Extracellular Matrix
- The Cytoskeleton
- The Cell-Cell Interactions
- The Cell-Matrix Interactions
- The Cytoskeleton
- The Cell Cycle
- The Cell Cycle Control
- The checkpoints
- The Signaling Pathways
- The MAPK Pathway
- The PI3K/AKT Pathway
- The JNK Pathway
- The Wnt Pathway
- The Notch Pathway
- The TGF-β Pathway
- The Hippo Pathway
- The Cell Cycle Control
- The checkpoints
- The Signaling Pathways
- The MAPK Pathway
- The PI3K/AKT Pathway
- The JNK Pathway
- The Wnt Pathway
- The Notch Pathway
- The TGF-β Pathway
- The Hippo Pathway
