Table of Contents
What is Hydrate?
A hydrate is a compound that contains water molecules bonded to its molecules. There are different types of a hydrate, depending on the type of molecule that is bonded to the water molecules. The most common type of hydrate is a binary hydrate, which is a compound that contains two types of molecules. The most common type of binary hydrate is a salt hydrate, which is a compound that contains a salt molecule and a water molecule. Other types of binary hydrates include oxide hydrates and hydroxide hydrates. Carbonates and bicarbonates can also form hydrated minerals, such as aragonite and calcite. Types of carbohydrates are sugar, starch, and cellulose.
Hydration Process
The hydration process is the process by which water is added to a substance in order to create a new substance. In the context of chemistry, this usually refers to the addition of water to a compound in order to create a new molecule. In the context of biochemistry, this usually refers to the addition of water to a protein in order to create a new peptide bond.
Water of Hydration
Water is essential for life. Our bodies are about 60% water and every cell in our body needs water to function. Water is necessary for the digestion and absorption of food, the transport of nutrients and oxygen to cells, and the elimination of wastes. Water also helps to regulate our body temperature.
Hydrate Chemistry
The chemistry of hydration is driven by the interaction between water molecules and ions. In the simplest case, a water molecule can interact with a single ion to form a hydrated ion. For example, a water molecule can interact with a Na+ ion to form the hydrated ion Na+H 2 O. In this case, the water molecule donates one of its hydrogen atoms to the ion, and the ion accepts the electron from the oxygen atom. The hydrated ion has a negative charge because it has one more electron than it has protons.
In more complex cases, two or more water molecules can interact with a single ion to form a hydrated ion. For example, a water molecule can interact with a Ca2+ ion to form the hydrated ion Ca2+H 2 O. In this case, the water molecule donates two of its hydrogen atoms to the ion, and the ion accepts two of the electrons from the oxygen atoms. The hydrated ion has a negative charge because it has two more electrons than it has protons.
The chemistry of hydration also driven by the attraction between the positive and negative charges in hydrated ions. The stronger the attraction between the positive and negative charges, the more stable the hydrated ion will be. This attraction called the hydration force.
Sodium Hydrate-
A colorless and odorless solid, sodium hydrate is a salt made up of sodium ions and hydroxide ions. It is highly soluble in water and is used in many industrial processes.
Calcium Hydrate-
A colorless to white solid, calcium hydrate used as a desiccant, in pharmaceuticals, as a food additive, and in the production of plaster of Paris.
Hydrates of Carbon-Nitrogen
- A carbon-nitrogen (C-N) hydrate a compound containing water molecules in which one or more pairs of hydrogen atoms replaced by carbon-nitrogen (C-N) groups.
- The most common C-N hydrate is ethane-1,2-diamine (enamide), which used as a desiccant. Other C-N hydrates include hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), 1,3-propanediamine, and 1,4-butanediamine.
Oligosaccharides-
Type of carbohydrate that made up of a small number of sugar molecules. Oligosaccharides found in a variety of foods, including milk, fruits, and vegetables. They also present in some infant formulas and supplements. Oligosaccharides believed to play a role in digestion, and they have shown to boost the immune system.
Polysaccharides-
- A polysaccharide is a large, complex carbohydrate molecule made up of many smaller sugar molecules. Polysaccharides an important part of the human diet, and they also used in many industrial and medical applications.
- Some of the most common polysaccharides are starch, cellulose, and glycogen. These molecules used to store energy in the body, and they are also an important part of the cell wall. Polysaccharides can also used to make plastics, adhesives, and other industrial products.
