Table of Contents
Lewis Acid Base Theory
According to Lewis acid base theory, an acid is a substance that can donate a proton (H+) and a base is a substance that can accept a proton. In other words, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor.
Acids and Bases
Acids and bases are two different types of chemicals that have different properties. Acids are sour-tasting and have a pH of less than 7, while bases are bitter-tasting and have a pH of greater than 7. Acids are also capable of dissolving metals, while bases are capable of dissolving fats.
Ligands
are molecules that bind to metals to form complexes. The ligands can be atoms, ions, or molecules. In general, the more complex the metal complex, the more ligands it will have.
Ligands can be classified into two groups, primary and secondary. A primary ligand is one that is bonded to the metal at a single site. A secondary ligand is one that is bonded to the metal at more than one site.
Many complexes are symmetrical, meaning that the ligands are arranged around the metal in a symmetrical fashion. However, some complexes are not symmetrical, meaning that the ligands are not arranged around the metal in a symmetrical fashion.
Metals
are found on the periodic table in Group IB, which is located in the s-block. Metals are characterized by their shiny appearance, good electrical and thermal conductivity, and their ability to form strong cations. The most common metals are found in Group IA, which includes lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. These metals are very reactive and are usually found as free elements in nature.
Softness and Hardness
There is a fundamental difference between softness and hardness. Softness is the quality of being easily deformed or penetrated, while hardness is the quality of being difficult to deform or penetrate.
Categorization
The term “soul” is used to refer to the spiritual or non-material essence of a person or creature.
In religious contexts, the soul is often thought to be the spiritual or non-physical aspect of a person that survives death.
In philosophical contexts, the soul is often seen as the essence of a person that makes them unique.
Hard Acids
A strong acid is a compound that ionizes completely in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+) and a salt. Some common strong acids are sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and nitric acid (HNO3).
Hard Bases
Some bases are harder to dissolve in water than others. The harder a base is, the more resistant it is to dissolving in water. This means that it will take a longer time for the base to dissolve in water and that the base will be more likely to remain in its solid form.
Some common bases that are harder to dissolve in water include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.
Soft Acids
Weak acids are those that dissociate only to a small extent in water. The dissociation of a weak acid can be represented by an equation in which a hydrogen ion (H+) is produced.
HA → H+ + A-
The acidity of a weak acid is measured by its dissociation constant, Ka. The higher the Ka value, the more dissociated the acid is in water.
The following table lists some common weak acids and their Ka values.
Acid Ka Acetic acid 1.8 x 10-5 Propionic acid 2.3 x 10-5 Butyric acid 4.8 x 10-7
Soft Bases
The soft bases are a group of compounds that have a carbon-carbon double bond in the alkyl group. The general structure of a soft base is RC≡CR’. The most common soft base is tetrahydrofuran (THF).
The soft base group has a high electron-donating ability, which makes them good nucleophiles. They are also good at solvating polar molecules, which makes them good at dissolving in water. Soft bases are often used in organic synthesis to create new molecules.
