NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Economics Social Science Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge

NCERT Book Solutions for Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 – CBSE Free PDF Download

Economics Chapter 3 – Poverty as a Challenge contains precise solutions that will assist students in completing their homework and studying for the CBSE Term II exams. It guarantees that you have all of the knowledge you need on all subjects covered in the chapter. Class 9 is crucial since it lays the foundation for student’s future academic years. Class 9 pupils will benefit from the NCERT Solutions to the exercises, which will help them acquire the talent of writing good responses. Infinity Learn answers cover all of these ideas and provide extensive explanations. Students are encouraged to practice the solutions supplied in the PDF, which will assist them in grasping the basic principles presented in this chapter.

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1. Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India?

Expenditure method :

Ans.

1. Under the expenditure method, the minimum nutritional food requirement for survival is estimated.
2. The total minimum food requirement is first measured in calories.
3. The calories are then converted into a money value, i.e., rupees.
4. A minimum amount required for clothes and other requirements is added to the money value of food.
5. This total amount is considered the poverty line.
6. All the families which spend less than the poverty line are considered Below the Poverty Line families.
7. In India, the daily minimum nutritional requirement for a person has been fixed at 2400 calories in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas.

Income Method :

i) Under the income method, for the year 2011-12, the poverty line for a person was fixed atRs816 per month for the rural areas and Rs 1000 for the urban areas.

ii) In this way, in 2011-12, a family of five members living in rural areas and earning less than aboutRs4,080 per month will be below the poverty line.

iii) A similar family in the urban areas would need a minimum of Rs 5,000 per month to meet their basic requirements.

iv) This method distributes food at subsidized prices through Public Distribution System (PDS).

Also Check: NCERT Solutions for Class 9

2. Do you think the present poverty estimation methodology is appropriate?

Ans. No, the present methodology of poverty estimation is inappropriate because it takes into account only the basic needs of food, clothing, fuel, etc. But the quality of these necessities is the lowest quality available, which is not appropriate.                       

1.  The fixed amount as the poverty line does not include the margin for price fluctuations and price rise, which is constantly occurring.                                                      
2. The poverty line should include some correction for inflation and take care of the market fluctuations. 

3. Describe poverty trends in India since 1973?

Ans. There was a substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about 55% in 1973 to 36% in 1993.

1. The proportion of people below the poverty line further came down to about 26 % in 2000.
2. If the trend continues, people below the poverty line may come down to less than 20 % in the next few years.

4. Discuss the primary reasons for poverty in India?

Ans.

i) British Rule: Britishersruled India for more than 100 years. Before British rule, traditional industries, for instance, textiles, flourished in India. During British rule, the government adopted policies to discourage such industries. This left millions of weavers poor. Even after fifty years of independent India, we can find a major section of the people engaged in handicraft industries as downtrodden.

ii) Lack of industrialization: India is very backward from the industrial point of view. Hardly 3 percent of the total working population is engaged in the large-scale industry.

iii) Over-dependence on agriculture: Even after more than 60 years of independence, more than 60 percent of our total population still depends on agriculture for its livelihood. Due to a shortage of inputs, our agriculture is backward.

iv) Inflationarypressure: Upward trend in prices adversely affects the poor sections of the society.

v) Unemployment: Due to a lack of job opportunities, more than 90 lakhs of our total workforce is unemployed.

Also Check: NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science

5. Give an account of interstate disparities of poverty in India.

A. Poverty in India also has another aspect or dimension. The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state. The success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state. Recent estimates show while all of India’s HCR(Head Count Ratio) was 21.9 percent in 2011-12 states like Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Odisha had above India’s poverty level.

1. Bihar and Orissa continue to be the two poorest states, with poverty ratios of 33.7 and 32.6 percent, respectively. Along with rural poverty, urban poverty is also high in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
2. There has been a significant decline in poverty in Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and West Bengal.
3. States like Punjab and Haryana have traditionally succeeded in reducing poverty with the help of high agricultural growth rates.
4. In comparison, Kerala has focused more on human resource development.
5. In West Bengal, land reform measures have helped in reducing poverty.
6. In Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, public distribution of food grains could have been responsible for the improvement.

You can also access free CBSE Notes Class 9 and NCERT Solutions class 9 Social Science History

6. Describe global poverty trends.

A. i) Fall in global poverty: The World Bank defines poverty as living on less than $ 1.90 per day. There has been a substantial reduction in global poverty. It has fallen from 36 percent in 1990 to 10 percent in 2015.

ii) Regionalvariations: Though the global poverty is reducing but with vast regional variations. Poverty has declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries due to rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource development. But the pace of reduction of poverty in South Asian countries is very slow.

iii) Poverty in India: Poverty in India has also declined, but the pace of reduction is very slow. According to World Bank’s definition, 21.2% of the total population still lived below the poverty line in 2011.

iv) Poverty in Sub-Sahara Africa: Sub-Sahara includes Algeria. Libya. Niger. Chad, etc. In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty declined from 51 percent in 2005 to 41 percent in 2015.

v) Poverty in SouthAmerica: In Latin America, the poverty ratio has also declined from 10% in 2005 to 4% in 2015.

vi) Poverty in Russia: Poverty has resurfaced in some former socialist countries like Russia, where officially, it was non-existent earlier.

vii) The new Sustainable development goals of the United Nations (UN) propose ending poverty by 2030.

Also Check: NCERT Solutions for Economics Chapter 4

7. Describe the current government strategy for poverty alleviation?

A. The government has launched various poverty alleviation schemes to control poverty.

i) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)2005: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 aims to provide 100 days of wage employment to every household to ensure livelihood security in rural areas. It also aimed at sustainable development to address the cause of drought, deforestation, and soil erosion. One-third of the proposed jobs have been reserved for women. The scheme employed 220 crores person-days of employment to 4.78 crores. The share of SC, ST, and Women person-days in the scheme is 23 percent, 17 percent, and 53 percent. The average wage has increased from 65 in 2006 -07 to 132 in 2013-14.

ii) The Prime MinisterRozgarYojana (PMRY) started in 1993. The program aims to create self-employment opportunities for the educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. They are helped in setting up small businesses and industries.

iii) Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) was launched in 1995. The program aims to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns. A target for creating 25 lakh new jobs has been set for the program under the Tenth Five Year Plan.

iv) SwarnajayantiGramSwarozgar Yojana (SGSY): It was launched in 1999. The program aims at bringing the assisted low-income families above the poverty line by organizing them into self-help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidies.

v) PradhanMantriGramodaya Yojana (PMGY): It was launched in 2000. additional central assistance is given to states for basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water, and rural electrification.

8. Answer the following questions briefly

(i) What do you understand by human poverty?

A. Human poverty is a broader concept of poverty. Along with food, it also includes other necessities of life like education, shelter, and health care. Job. Security, social equality, etc.

(ii) Who are the poorest of the poor?

A. Apart from the social groups, there is also inequality of incomes within a family. In low-income families, all suffer, but some suffer more than others. Women, elderly people, and female infants are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family. Therefore, women, children (especially the girl child), and old people are the poorest of the poor.

(iii) What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005?

A. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 aims to provide 100 days of wage employment to every household to ensure livelihood security in rural areas.

Its main features are :

A. i) Indian labour law and social security measures guarantee the ‘right to work.’

ii) It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

iii) It also aimed at sustainable development to address the cause of drought, deforestation, and soil erosion. One-third of the proposed jobs have been reserved for women.

iv) The scheme employed 220crores person-days of employment to 4.78 crore

v) The share of SC, ST, and Women’s person-days in the scheme are 23 percent, 17 percent, and 53 percent.

vi) The average wage has increased from 65 in 2006-07 to 132 in 2013-14.

Poverty as a Problem Summary

In this chapter, students will learn about one of the most significant issues independent India has faced: poverty. This chapter also covers a case of poverty in both the city and the country. Poverty as a Challenge, Chapter 3 of the Class 9 Economics books, also discusses:

• Poverty Estimate
• Global Poverty Scenario
• Interstate Disparities
• Poverty Line
• Poverty causes
• Anti-poverty methods

The chapter also discusses how poverty is measured in the country and global trends in poverty.

Economics is an important book for Social Science students in Class 9. Apart from this chapter, the linked article contains the entire set of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Frequently Asked Questions

According to Chapter 3 of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics, which groups in India are the most vulnerable to poverty?

According to Chapter 3 of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics, the following groups are the most vulnerable to poverty in India:

1. Social groups:
   1. Households of Scheduled Castes
   2. Households of Scheduled Tribes
2. Economic groups:
3. a) Rural Agricultural Labor Households
4. b) Urban Casual Labour Households.

What are the main points covered in Chapter 3 of the NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics textbook?

The following are the main themes covered in Chapter 3 of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics:

1. The Poverty Level
2. Estimate of Poverty
3. The scenario of Global Poverty
4. Disparities between states
5. The Roots of Poverty
6. Anti-poverty initiatives

Why should I choose INFINITY LEARN’S NCERT Solutions for Economics Chapter 3 in Class 9?

INFINITY LEARN’S subject experts have produced chapter-by-chapter and book-by-book solutions to help students prepare for the CBSE Term II test. All of the solutions have been carefully crafted with the understanding skills of class 9 kids in mind. Furthermore, the solutions are provided straightforwardly and comprehensively to explain hard concepts, enhancing student confidence. The solutions are accessible in PDF format, which can be downloaded for free to allow students to learn without time limits.