Table of Contents
1 Mark Questions
Question 1. Why do people migrate in large numbers from rural to urban areas in India? (All India 2D1B)
Answer: People usually migrate from rural to urban areas mainly due to poverty, high population pressure’ on land, lack of basic infrastructure facilities like health care, education, availability of regular work, etc.
Question 2. Name the ‘urban agglomeration’ having the highest share of the immigrant population. All India 2014
OR
Name the ‘urban agglomeration’ of India that has the highest number of intra-state migration. All Indio 2009
Answer: In India, Greater Mumbai is the urban agglomeration that has the highest share of the immigrant population.
Question 3. Name the process of migration from the plain areas to pastures on mountains during summer and again from mountain pastures to main areas during winter. All India 2010
Answer: The process of migration from the plain areas to pastures on mountains during summer and again from mountain pastures to plain areas during winter is known as ‘transhumance’.
Question 4. Which stream of migration is dominated by male migrants in India? Delhi 200a
Answer: Stream of inter-state migration is dominated by male migrants in India because men migrate “to urban areas in search of jobs and better quality of life.
Also Check: Class 12 Geography NCERT Solutions Chapter 2 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences
3 Marks Questions
Question 5. Explain the causes of migration of unskilled migrants from rural to urban areas in India and their sufferings. All India 2015
Answer: There are various causes which are responsible for rural to urban migration of unskilled and unemployed workers of India.
The main causes are:
- Lack of employment and income-generating opportunities in rural areas.
- Food insecurity due to low agricultural productivity.
- Poverty and starvation.
- Income maximization via better job opportunities in urban areas.
- Inequitable distribution of benefits of economic development.
- Children’s future and more demand for labour in cities.
Sufferings from migration from rural to urban areas are:
- Migrants often suffer from anxiety due to absinthe nice of family members and children.
- Migration creates anonymity situation which causes social vacuum and feeling of dejection in people. It finally leads migrants in anti-social activities such as crime and drug abuse.
- Male migrants leave their wives in rural areas which put extra physical and mental pressure on women.
Question 6. Explain the main reasons for the migration of males and females separately in India. All Indio 2014
Answer: The main reasons for the migration of males and females separately in India are as follows:
- They migrate mainly because of employment/work. Only 2% of males migrate because of marriage (only in Meghalaya).
- About 65% of women migrate because of marriage. Only 3% of women migrate for employment.
Question 7. Explain any three push factors that have caused rural to urban migration in India. Delhi 2013
OR
Explain any three ‘push factors’ which compel the people to migrate from one area to another area in India. Delhi 2012
Answer: Push factors are those that force people to leave their place of residence or origin. Push factors may include:
- Poverty and hunger are one of the main reasons in push factors of migration.
- When people do not find means of livelihood in their home villages, they are pushed out to the nearby or distant towns.
- Political disturbances and inter-ethnic conflicts drive people away from their homes.
Question 8. Why do people migrate? State the four streams of migration in India. All India 2012
Answer: People migrate from one place to another mainly due to poverty, poor economic activity, lack of basic infrastructure like health care, education, etc. Apart from these factors, natural disasters like Tsunami, earthquake, etc and war or local conflicts are also strong reasons for migration.
The four streams of migration are:
- Rural to Rural
- Rural to Urban
- Urban to Rural
- Urban to Urban
Question 9. Describe in brief the consequences of migration in India. Delhi 2009
OR
Explain any three economic consequences of migration of people in India. Delhi 2008
Answer: Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive
- Remittances are imported for the economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
- Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
Negative
- Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
- Development of unhygienic industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.
5 Marks Questions
Question 10. How is migration response to the uneven distribution of opportunities over a space? Explain the economic consequences of migration in India. (All India 2017)
Answer: The term “migration” refers to a person’s permanent or semi-permanent shift of domicile. Unemployment is the primary driver of male migration. People travel in search of work and a better life. Marriage is the most common reason for female migration. Following their marriages, almost 65 percent of females leave their parents’ homes. Migration is a social change agent.
Through them, fresh ideas about new technology, family planning, girls’ education, and other topics spread from urban to rural communities. People from many cultures combine as a result of migration. It broadens people’s mental horizons in general.
For economic consequences of migration,
The consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive
- Remittances are imported for the economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
- Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
Negative
- Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
- Development of unhygienic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Delhi.
Also Check: CBSE Class 12 Date Sheet 2024 Out
Question 11. Explain why the causes of male and female migration are different in India. Find out the environmental consequences of migration. (Delhi 2016)
OR
Explain with examples any three environmental consequences of migration of people in India. (Delhi 2000)
Answer: Causes of male and female migration are different in India as according to census 2001, about 65% of women migrate because of marriage. Only 3% of women migrate for employment. Whereas the majority of 38% of males migrate because of employment/work.
Only 2% of males migrate because of marriage, (mainly in Meghalaya).
There are some environmental consequences of migration, which have degraded the quality of life especially in urban areas which are:
- Over crowding of people, due to rural-urban migration, has put pressure on existing social and physical infrastructure.
- Unplanned growth of cities and development of illegal and unhygenic slums result of a this.
- Cities are facing some major environmental problems like over use depletion of natural resources, pollution of ground water, air pollution, noise pollution, disposal of sewage and management of solid wastes.
Question 12. Examine the economic and social consequences of migration in India. (All Indio 2016)
Answer: For economic consequences of migration,
Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive
- Remittances are imported for economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
- Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
Negative
- Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
- Development of unhygenic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.
Social consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive
- Migrants work as an agent of social change. They diffuse new ideas of science and technology, family planning, girl’s education, etc from one place to another place.
- People also bring different cultures with them which help to break the narrow considerations and broaden up the mental horizon of the people.
Negative
- Anonymity increases and creates social vacuum and feeling of dejection.
- This feeling ultimately results in anti-social activities such as crime, drug abuse, theft, etc.
Question 13. Define the term migration. Explain any two economic and two demographic consequences of migration in India. (All India 2015)
Answer: Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence.
For economic consequences of migration,
Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive
- Remittances are imported for economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
- Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
Negative
- Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
- Development of unhygenic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.
The demographic consequences are both positive as well as negative:
Positive
- Migration leads to redistributing of population within a country.
- The process of urbanisation is dependent on rural-urban migration. Thus, it gives acceleration to urbanisation as well as industrialisation.
Negative
- Imbalance in age of sex composition are also brought in the recipient areas,
- Aged skill selective out migration from rural areas have adverse effect on the rural demographic structure.
- Imbalance in demographic structure.
- Age and skill selective out migration created an imbalance in demographic structure of rural areas.
- Age and sex-composition are seriously affected in states of Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra due to migration.
- The same situation happens in the recipient states.
Question 14. Define the term migration. Explain the social and environmental consequences of migration in India. (Delhi 2014)
Answer: Migration is defined as the movement of people from one place to another. It is possible to migrate permanently or temporarily. Permanent migration occurs when people move from one location to another on a long-term basis. Temporary migration, on the other hand, can be annual, seasonal, or even daily. India’s census assesses migration based on birthplace or residence.
In terms of social and environmental ramifications,
Migration is the movement of individuals from one location to another in order to establish permanent or semi-permanent habitation.
For economic consequences of migration,
Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive
- Remittances are imported for the economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
- Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
Negative
- Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
- Development of unhygienic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.
The demographic consequences are both positive as well as negative:
Positive
- Migration leads to redistributing of the population within a country.
- The process of urbanisation is dependent on rural-urban migration. Thus, it gives acceleration to urbanisation as well as industrialisation.
Negative
- Imbalance in an age of sex composition are also brought in the recipient areas,
- Aged skill selective out-migration from rural areas have an adverse effect on the rural demographic structure.
- Imbalance in demographic structure.
- Age and skill selective out-migration created an imbalance in the demographic structure of rural areas.
- Age and sex-composition are seriously affected in states of Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra due to migration.
- The same situation happens in the recipient states.
More Resources for Class 12
- NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths
- NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics
- NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry
- NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology
- NCERT Books
- NCERT Books for Class 12
Question 15. Examine any five push factors that cause migration of population in India. Delhi 2013
Answer: Push factors are those that force people to leave their place of residence or origin. Push factors may include:
- The abject poverty and hunger is one of the main reasons in push factors of migration.
- When people do not find means of livelihood in their home villages, they are pushed out to the nearby or distant towns.
- Political disturbances and inter-ethnic conflicts drive people away from their homes.
- Environmental problems and natural disasters like drought, floods etc often are caused the loss of money, homes and jobs and render people helpless.
- When a place is having heavy population pressure on land resources, then finally the natural resources tend to exhaust in near future overused by population and became extinct, which ultimately forced people to move from that place to another place.
Question 16. What is migration? Explain any four factors responsible for the migration of people in India. Delhi 2010
Answer: Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence.
Four factors responsible for the migration of people in India are:
Poverty/Hunger: It is a major factor which forces people to migrate to another place that has good facilities and government schemes for the poor.
Unemployment: It leads to poverty which makes people vulnerable. So in order to find regular work and better wages, people tend to migrate in urban cities.
Better/New Opportunities: As per the Indian market system, even if the farmers are able to have good crop production they still do not get good reimbursements and so they move on to try jobs not related to agriculture.
Man-made/Natural disasters: Sometimes, natural disasters like floods, droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc become one of the major factors to push people from their native place to a new place for safety reasons. One such example of a human-made disaster is Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984.
Question 17. What is migration? What are the four streams of migration in India? Write the main features of each? (All India 2008)
Answer: Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residences.
The four streams of internal migration in India with their features are as follows:
Rural to Rural In this stream, people move from a rural area to another rural area in India. The short distance of this stream is dominated by females because of marriage. Male migrants are less in these streams About 64% of females migrate in India because of marriage.
Rural to Urban In this stream, people move from a rural area to an urban area. Most rural-urban migrants are males. They migrate because of work and employment. Urban areas attract them by opportunities existing in those areas. Another reason is education. Female migration for education is less.
Urban to Urban In this stream, people usually move out from a small urban area to a large urban area to gain more opportunities. Millions of people in India migrate from small cities to large metropolitan cities for higher wages and salaries.
Urban to Rural In this stream, people move from urban areas to rural areas. In India,’ this type of migration is usually done by retired and old age people due to overcrowding, pollution, and others.
Data-Based Questions
Question 18. Study the given diagram, showing intrastate migration streams in India, and answer the questions that follow. (All Indio 2010)
(i) Which migration stream shows the highest number of migrations both male and female categories?
(ii) Why does this migration stream show the highest migration in both categories? Give one reason for each.
(iii) Why do female migrants dominate in all four streams of migration? Give two reasons.
Answer:
(i) Rural to rural stream shows the highest numbers of migration in both male and female categories.
(ii) Rural to rural stream has the highest numbers of a female because of marriage. While male had the highest number because of work.
(iii) Female migrants dominate in all four streams of migration because of:
- Marriage
- Move with household
- Better education
- High wages
- Better opportunities
Question 19. Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follow. (All India 2010)
(i) Which are the four streams of migration in India?
(ii) What is the common feature shown among all the migration streams?
(iii) In which stream is the number of female migrants is the highest? Give the main reason for it.
Answer:
(i) Rural to Rural (R-R), Rural to Urban (R-U), Urban to Rural (U-R), and Urban to Urban (U-U) are four streams of migration in India.
(ii) The common feature is the dominance of female migrants in all the streams.
(iii) Rural to rural stream has highest numbers of a female because of marriage.
Value-Based Question
Question 20. “Number of people from India to have been migrating to the countries of middle-East, Western Europe, America, Australia and East of South-East Asia in search of better opportunities.” Explain the value which can check migration from India.
Answer: Following values can check the migration:
- Nationalism
- Social relation
- Participation of community
Question 21. Migration is a consequence of the uneven distribution of opportunities over space. People tend to move from place of low opportunities and low safety to the place of higher opportunity and better safety.” Which value can lead to migration?
Answer: Following values can lead to migration:
- Equal opportunities
- Social abundance
- Personal benefits
