Table of Contents
Chapter 3 of Class 8 History, titled “Ruling the Countryside,” explores the historical dynamics of governance in rural areas. It gets into how rulers managed and controlled these regions during different periods in history. This chapter is essential for students to understand the broader context of rural governance, the roles of local leaders, and the impact of various policies on the countryside.
In this chapter, students learn about the intricate relationship between rulers and rural communities. They gain insights into the strategies employed by different rulers to govern and administer rural areas effectively. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the socio-economic aspects of rural life and how they evolved over time.
Overall, NCERT solutions class 8 Social Science History chapter 3 offers a valuable perspective on the historical governance of rural areas, shedding light on its importance and evolution. It provides a foundational understanding of this aspect of history, which is essential for comprehending the broader historical narrative.
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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Free PDF Download
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Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
In the Class 8 curriculum, you’ll find Chapter 3 titled “Ruling the Countryside” in the History book “Our Past 3.” This chapter has been designed with a focus on clarity, featuring straightforward explanations complemented by diagrams and maps when necessary.
Our team of subject matter experts has meticulously crafted these NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Chapter 3, “Ruling the Countryside,” ensuring an engaging and insightful learning experience. These solutions not only make the study process enjoyable but also lay a strong foundation for students as they progress through their academic journey.
Questions and Answers Class 8 History Chapter 3
1. Match the following.
| Ryot | Village |
| Mahal | Peasant |
| Nij | Cultivation on ryot’s lands |
| Ryoti | Cultivation on planter’s own land |
Answer:
| Ryot | Peasant |
| Mahal | Village |
| Nij | Cultivation on planter’s own land |
| Ryoti | Cultivation on ryot’s land |
2. Fill in the blanks.
- Growers of woad in Europe saw as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
- The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of .
- The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of .
- The Champaran movement was against .
Answer:
- Indigo
- Expansion of cotton production
- Synthetic dyes
- Indigo planters
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3. Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement
The Permanent Settlement, also known as the Zamindari System, is a significant historical feature discussed in Class 8 History Chapter 3, “Ruling the Countryside.” This system was introduced by the British during their colonial rule in India. Here are the main features of the Permanent Settlement:
- Fixed Revenue: Under the Permanent Settlement, the British East India Company fixed a permanent amount of revenue that the landowners (zamindars) had to pay to the British government. This fixed revenue was typically a substantial amount, and it did not change with fluctuations in agricultural production or land productivity.
- Hereditary Rights: Zamindars were given hereditary rights to collect revenue from the land. These rights could be passed down from one generation to the next within a family. This meant that zamindars and their descendants had a stable source of income and control over the land.
- Role of Middlemen: The zamindars acted as intermediaries between the British government and the actual cultivators (peasants or ryots). They were responsible for collecting revenue from the ryots and paying it to the British government. This system created a landlord class in rural India.
- Lack of Incentive for Improvement: Since the revenue was fixed and didn’t depend on agricultural productivity, zamindars had little incentive to invest in land improvement or support the peasants in any way. This lack of incentive often led to neglect of the land.
- Burden on Peasants: The peasants, or ryots, who cultivated the land faced the brunt of the Permanent Settlement. They were obligated to pay fixed rents to the zamindars, regardless of their harvest or income. This inflexibility often resulted in economic hardships for the ryots.
- Impact on Agriculture: The lack of incentives for land improvement and the burden of fixed rents on peasants had adverse effects on agriculture. Agricultural practices often stagnated, and there was little technological or infrastructural development.
- Social Consequences: The Permanent Settlement led to the emergence of a landlord class (zamindars) who often exploited the peasants. It also contributed to social inequalities and land concentration in the hands of a few.
4. How was the Mahalwari System different from the Permanent Settlement?
| Difference Between Mahalwari System and Permanent Settlement | ||
| Aspect | Mahalwari System | Permanent Settlement |
|---|---|---|
| Nature of Revenue Collection | Collective Revenue Collection | Individual Zamindari Revenue Collection |
| Individual Landowners | No individual landowners; Land revenue was collected collectively from villages or mahals. | Individual zamindars or landlords were responsible for collecting land revenue. |
| Revenue Fixation | Not fixed; Revenue assessed periodically based on the land’s productivity and fluctuations in agricultural output. | Fixed; A permanent revenue amount was set and remained unchanged regardless of agricultural productivity. |
| Role of Middlemen | Limited role of intermediaries; Revenue collection was typically done by village headmen or community leaders. | Significant role of intermediaries; Zamindars acted as intermediaries between the British government and the peasants. |
| Ownership and Transferability | Landownership typically remained with the village or mahal as a collective entity. Individual ownership rights were not recognized. | Zamindars had hereditary ownership rights to land, and these rights could be bought, sold, or inherited within families. |
| Incentive for Improvement | Provided an incentive for land improvement as revenue assessments were periodically revised based on land productivity. | Provided little incentive for land improvement since revenue was fixed, and zamindars had a guaranteed income. |
| Responsibility for Revenue Payment | Villages or mahals collectively paid revenue to the British government. | Zamindars were responsible for collecting revenue from peasants and paying it to the British government. |
| Impact on Peasants | Generally, peasants had a more direct relationship with the British government and could influence revenue assessments through their local representatives. | Peasants often faced exploitation and oppression from zamindars, who could charge exorbitant rents. |
5. Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.
Ans. The new Munro system of fixing revenue, also known as the Ryotwari System, had its share of problems:
a. Assessment Difficulties: One problem was the difficulty in accurately assessing the land’s productivity and determining the appropriate land revenue. This often led to disputes and conflicts between revenue officials and ryots (peasants) about the assessment process and the amount of revenue to be paid.
b. Economic Burden on Ryots: The Munro system placed a heavy economic burden on ryots, as they had to pay revenue directly to the British government. This direct interaction with the government made them vulnerable to exploitation and arbitrary taxation, causing financial hardships for the ryots.
6. Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?
Ans. Ryots were often reluctant to grow indigo for several reasons:
a. Low Profitability: Indigo cultivation was not very profitable for ryots. The indigo plant required a substantial amount of land and labor, but the returns were meager. This made it less attractive compared to other cash crops or food crops.
b. Forced Cultivation: Many indigo planters forced ryots into indigo cultivation through contracts and advances. The ryots resented this coercion and the loss of their freedom to choose what crops to grow.
c. Harsh Working Conditions: The process of indigo extraction was labor-intensive and involved long hours of hard work. Ryots and laborers often faced harsh working conditions in indigo factories.
d. Economic Impact: Indigo cultivation often exhausted the soil, leading to decreased yields in subsequent crops. Ryots were concerned about the long-term impact on their land’s fertility.
7. What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?
The collapse of indigo production in Bengal can be attributed to several factors and circumstances:
a. Peasant Resistance: Ryots and peasants, facing exploitation and coercion from indigo planters, organized widespread resistance movements, such as the Indigo Revolt or the Neel Bidroha. They protested against the forced cultivation of indigo.
b. Government Intervention: The British government became increasingly aware of the oppressive practices associated with indigo cultivation and took steps to regulate the industry. Legislation was enacted to protect the rights of ryots.
c. Global Economic Changes: The global market for indigo changed as synthetic dyes were developed, rendering natural indigo less economically viable. This reduced the demand for indigo, making it less profitable for planters.
d. Shift to Alternative Crops: With the decline in indigo production, many ryots and planters shifted to cultivating other cash crops like jute and tea, which were more profitable and less labor-intensive.
e. Collective Action: The collective action of peasants, government intervention, and changing economic circumstances contributed to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal.
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8. Find out more about the Champaran movement and Mahatma Gandhi’s role in it.
Ans. The Champaran movement was a significant event in India’s struggle for independence, and Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in it. Here’s an overview:
- Background: In 1917, the Champaran district of Bihar was known for indigo cultivation, and indigo planters forced local farmers (sharecroppers) to cultivate indigo against their will. The farmers faced oppressive conditions, including unjust revenue demands.
- Gandhi’s Involvement: Mahatma Gandhi, who had recently arrived in India from South Africa, was approached by the local farmers seeking help to address their grievances. Gandhi agreed to visit Champaran and investigate the situation.
- Gandhi’s Approach: Gandhi’s approach in Champaran was based on non-violence and civil disobedience. He conducted a detailed survey of the region, met with farmers, and organized mass protests against indigo cultivation and oppressive landlords.
- Resolution: Gandhi’s efforts in Champaran led to a significant breakthrough. The British government appointed a committee to inquire into the farmers’ grievances. As a result, the Champaran Agrarian Bill was passed in 1918, which aimed to improve the conditions of the farmers and protect their rights.
- Impact: The Champaran movement marked an important milestone in India’s struggle for independence. It demonstrated the power of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience. Gandhi’s success in Champaran boosted his credibility and influence in the Indian independence movement.
9. Look into the history of either tea or coffee plantations in India. See how the life of workers in these plantations was similar to or different from that of workers in indigo plantations.
Ans. Tea and coffee plantations in India have their own unique histories and labor experiences:
- Similarities:
- Like indigo plantations, tea and coffee plantations in colonial India often employed a large workforce of laborers, including indigenous and migrant workers.
- Workers on these plantations faced long and strenuous working hours, sometimes in challenging weather conditions.
- Housing conditions for laborers on tea and coffee plantations were often basic, and workers lived in labor lines or quarters provided by the plantation owners.
- Differences:
- Unlike the forced cultivation of indigo, laborers on tea and coffee plantations were typically wage laborers who received monetary compensation for their work.
- The living and working conditions on tea and coffee plantations were often considered better than those on indigo plantations due to the availability of wages and some degree of legal protection for workers.
- Labor movements and unions in tea and coffee plantations were relatively more organized compared to the indigo plantations, leading to better rights and conditions for workers.
While there were some similarities in the harsh conditions faced by workers on these plantations, the key difference was that tea and coffee plantation laborers were typically wage earners, whereas indigo plantation laborers were often sharecroppers or forced cultivators. These differences had implications for their social and economic conditions.
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Marks Weightage
The distribution of marks or weightage for Class 8 Science History chapters may vary depending on your specific curriculum or syllabus.
- Chapter 1: What, Where, How, and When? – 4-6 marks
- Chapter 2: From Trade to Territory – 6-8 marks
- Chapter 3: Ruling the Countryside – 4-6 marks
- Chapter 4: Tribals, Dikus, and the Vision of a Golden Age – 4-6 marks
- Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After – 6-8 marks
- Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City – 4-6 marks
- Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters, and Factory Owners – 4-6 marks
- Chapter 8 Civilizing the “Native,” Educating the Nation – 4-6 marks
- Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform – 4-6 marks
- Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts – 4-6 marks
- Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 – 4-6 marks
- Chapter 12 India After Independence – 4-6 marks
Ruling the Countryside,” within the subject of History (Social Science) in the book “Our Past 3,” it’s important to note that this chapter holds significant relevance. Many questions in the field of history originate from this particular chapter.
As a result, referring to NCERT Solutions for this chapter can greatly enhance students’ performance in their examinations. These solutions have been thoughtfully prepared with a focus on the exam perspective, making them easily comprehensible for students. Furthermore, when viewed from the perspective of competitive exams such as UPSC, this chapter holds considerable importance.
These solutions are supported by the newest edition of NCERT Textbooks. to organize well for CBSE Class 8 science exam, students of CBSE Class 8 should learn these NCERT Solutions thoroughly.
Importance of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Our Past 3 Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
- Clarity and Understanding: NCERT Solutions provide clear and concise explanations for the concepts covered in Chapter 3. This clarity enhances students’ understanding of historical events and developments in the countryside during colonial times.
- Exam Preparation: As students prepare for their Class 8 examinations, having access to well-structured NCERT Solutions is invaluable. These solutions guide students in comprehending the subject matter thoroughly, which is essential for performing well in exams.
- Foundation Building: Chapter 3 lays the foundation for understanding the impact of British rule on rural India. NCERT Solutions ensure that students grasp these foundational concepts, which are crucial for their future studies in history and related subjects.
- Enhanced Learning: NCERT Solutions often include supplementary materials such as maps, diagrams, and additional resources that enrich the learning experience. These visual aids help students visualize historical events and make learning more engaging.
- Exam Score Improvement: By using NCERT Solutions, students can effectively tackle questions related to Chapter 3 in exams. This can significantly improve their scores and academic performance.
- Competitive Exams: Understanding the content of Chapter 3 is not only important for Class 8 exams but also for competitive exams like UPSC. A strong foundation in history is valuable for students aspiring to excel in various competitive examinations.
Benefits of NCERT Solutions for sophistication 8 science History
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Also Check: NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Other Subjects
- NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths
- NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science
- NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science
- NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English
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FAQs on Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
What is Indigo Class 8?
Indigo in Class 8 refers to a blue dye-producing plant that was historically cultivated in India during colonial times. It is discussed in the history textbook, 'Our Past 3.'
What is Bigha Class 8?
In Class 8, 'Bigha' is a unit of land measurement often used in India. It may be mentioned in the context of land tenure and revenue collection in history.
What is the Mahal in ruling the countryside?
In 'Ruling the Countryside' (Class 8 History Chapter 3), 'Mahal' may refer to a geographical area or land unit where revenue was collected collectively, often in the context of land revenue systems.
What is permanent settlement Class 8?
In Class 8, 'Permanent Settlement' is a historical land revenue system discussed in the history textbook. It involved fixed revenue payments by individual landowners to the British government.
What was Satta Class 8?
'Satta' may not be a specific term in Class 8 history. It's essential to refer to the context in the textbook to understand its relevance.
