Table of Contents
Time allowed : 3 hours
Maximum marks: 100
General instructions:
- This paper is divided into three sections: A, B and C. All the sections are compulsory.
- Separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary. Read these instructions
- very carefully and follow them faithfully.
- Do not exceed the prescribed word limit while answering the questions.
** Answer is not given due to change in present syllabus
CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 English 2013 Delhi Set – I
Note: Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.
Section – B
(WRITING SKILLS)
Question 3.
You are Smitha/Sunil, Secretary AVM Housing Society. You going to organize a blood donation camp. Write a notice in not more than 50 words, urging the members of your society to come in large numbers for this noble cause. Invent all the necessary details. [5]
OR
You are General Manager, Hotel Dosa, Gurgaon. You need a lady Front Office Assistant with sound knowledge of computers. She must be a graduate and good in communication skills with pleasing manners. Draft an advertisement in not more than 50 words to be published in Gurgaon Times. [10] Answer:
AVM HOUSING SOCIETY 26th October, 20XX BLOOD DONATION CAMP A blood donation camp is being organised by our society on 1 st November, 2QXX in the front part of the society. All the residents are, therefore, requested to donate their blood for a noble cause and save a life. For any details please contact the undersigned. Smitha/Sunil |
OR
ASSISTANT REQUIRED A lady Front Office Assistant, having sound knowledge of computers, a graduate with good communication skills and pleasing manners. Salary negotiable. Interested may apply immediately |
Question 4.
Your school Sun Public School, Pune celebrated ‘Environment Day7 on 5th November. Write a report on the programme in 100-125 words for your school newsletter. You are Neeta/Naveen, Cultural Secretary of the school. Invent the necessary details. [10]
OR
You are Deepak/Deepika, Secretary of Ahimsa Club, Parsva Public School, Delhi. On 2nd October your school observed ‘International Day for peace and Non-violence’, organizing various activities such as a visit to Raj ghat, Charkha spinning, lectures by eminent Gandhians, etc. Write a report for the same in 100-125 words.
Answer:
ENVIRONMENT DAY CELEBRATION
By Neeta/Naveen (Cultural Secretary)
Sun Public School, Pune, celebrated ‘Environment Day’ on 5th November very enthusiastically. Everybody was excited and showed eagerness towards the celebration. The students wore eco-friendly dresses. The corridors were decorated with posters made by the children with the help of their art teacher. Many activities were organized on this occasion. A small play was presented by the students in connection with the environment-friendly measures which should be adopted by the people. There was also an exhibition of the things made by the junior section of the school, which included paper bags, jute bags, and products made up of biodegradable matter. Our Principal gave an inspiring speech on how to preserve our environment. Student speakers also presented their views on the conservation of the environment. After the function was over, the tree plantation drive started. The first tree was planted by the Principal followed by the faculty members and then the children. In the end, students took the oath of planting a tree every year to make the environment neat and clean.
It was a great step towards awareness about the environment.
OR
INTERNATIONAL DAY FOR PEACE AND
NON-VIOLENCE OBSERVED
By Deepika/Deepak (Secretary, Ahimsa Club) 2nd October was a memorable day for our school as it observed ‘International Day for Peace and Non-violence. We all know that this day is celebrated to commemorate Mahatma Gandhi, who was the greatest messenger of peace and non-violence. Various activities were organized by the school. Students were told the importance of ‘Charkha Spinning’ and they enjoyed doing it by themselves. Backstage, a group of students sang Bapu’s favourite bhajan ‘Vaishnav Jan to tinhe kahiye in a choir. There were speeches made on the way of living that Gandhiji advocated all his life and the means to achieve them which according to Bapu should be noble and high. After that, the children were taken to the Samadhi of Gandhiji known as ‘Rajghat’. The teachers as well as children paid homage to Bapu. The eminent Gandhians delivered speeches and told that he was a great example of selfless service, self-discipline, renunciation and deep love for suffering humanity.
In the evening, we returned to the school to disperse to our homes but there was a sense of content and peace in our mind and soul.
Question 5.
As a regular commuter by bus from Noida to Delhi, you have been witnessing rash driving by the bus drivers daily without an exception. Write a letter to the editor “The Times of India” drawing the attention of the General Manager of Delhi Transport Corporation to this problem. You are Priti/Prakash, 15, Udyog Vihar, Noida. [5]
OR
Write a letter to Lightways Sport, Amrapali, Thane, placing an order for sports articles (Minimum 4) to be supplied to your school, ABC Matriculation School, Civil Lines, Pune, Sign as Ravi/Raveena, Sports Secretary.
Answer:
15, Udyog Vihar,
Noida
24th September, 20XX
The Editor,
The Times of India
Subject: Rash Bus Driving
Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of the General Manager, Delhi Transport Corporation towards the increasing cases of rash bus driving. This has created havoc in the city as it has become a routine habit of the drivers. Daily one or two cases of mishaps due to the negligence of the drivers are coming into light. It’s not an overheard thing, but I have experienced it myself as I am a regular commuter by bus from Noida to Delhi. The number of accidents has been increasing daily which results in the loss of many lives. This should be checked as drivers are indifferent towards the sufferings of the public and do not pay heed towards the traffic rules. The most common sufferers are the elders and the children. Immediate action is the need of the hour. Either the registration of their vehicle should be cancelled or their driving license, to bring such mishaps under control.
I expect a favourable response.
Thank you,
Yours Sincerely,
Priti/Prakash
OR
ABC Matriculation School,
Civil Lines, Pune
26th October, 20XX
The Manager,
Light ways Sport,
Amrapali, Thane.
Sub: Order for Sports Articles Dear Sir/Madam,
We need to purchase some sports articles for our school. The list of the articles is as follows :
Items | Quantity | |
1. | Basketballs | 4 |
2. | Cricket bats | 6 |
3. | Volleyballs | 4 |
4. | Footballs | 3 |
Kindly, send the articles after proper checking at the school sports complex between 10. a.m. to 2. p.m. Please make the delivery as soon as possible. As we have been a regular buyer of sports goods from your shop for past many years, a good amount of discount is expected on the above-mentioned items. Payment will be done at the time of delivery through a demand draft.
Thank You.
Yours Sincerely,
Raveena/Ravi (Sports Secretary)
Question 6.
Your family has recently shifted from Kota in Rajasthan to Ernakulam in Kerala, where your house is situated amid beautiful flowering plants and fruit-yielding trees. Every minute and every second, you are experiencing the joy of being in the lap of nature. Write an article in 150-200 words on the diversity of nature that you have experienced. You are Latha/Lalitha of class XII. [10]
OR
Write an article in 150-200 words on the topic, ‘Poverty is the cause of all evils, to be published in the Young World of ‘The Hindu’, Chennai.
Answer:
IN THE LAP OF NATURE
By Latha/Lalitha Class XII
One can find huge diversity in nature while living in India. I experienced it personally when we shifted to Ernakulam in Kerala from Kota, Rajasthan. It seemed as if we have shifted not places but nature. From the brown mountains to the green canopies, the change was completely welcomed by all the family members. For the first time in my whole life, I saw such greenery. The words used for Kerala as ‘God’s Own Country’, appeared to be true which I had only heard or read till now. Living in the lap of nature is a completely new experience. The greenery is extremely enchanting and to add to its beauty, is the location of my house amidst the beautiful flowering plants and fruit yielding trees. The fragrance of the blooming flowers fill the house and the aroma enters the soul. The view of fruit-laden trees is equally fascinating. There is no sign of pollution here. Evergreen beaches, fishing nets spread all over the sea, the richness of coconut and jackfruit, all make it a desired place to live in. The place has not lacked even in the preservation of its culture. The boat race in the backwaters is done during the festival of Onam. It is famous for its spices and ‘Ayurvedic Kerala Massage.’ In all, I must say that I enjoy the bracing environment, relaxed life, temples, backwaters and shaded woods of Kerala.
OR
POVERTY IS THE CAUSE OF ALL EVILS
By Xyz
India is a country where most of the population live in villages and below the poverty line. Poverty prevails not only in villages but also in big cities. The metro cities are full of slums, where the majority of people are living in inhumane conditions. Their basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are not fulfilled. Millions and millions of people are the victims of malnutrition, hunger, poor health and illiteracy. Their condition is not better than stray dogs. The prices are rising at a very high rate and in the same way their condition is also deteriorating. The rich are becoming richer, and the poor are becoming poorer. Circumstances and negligence force them to adopt evil means and criminal activities like robbery, murder, kidnapping, looting and so on. Children are made to beg and women are compelled to become prostitutes. If it is not acceptable to anyone, then they commit mass suicide.
Society, reformatory organizations, government, and non-profit organizations should take a step forward to improvise the condition of these people. There should be a check on the fund allocated for poverty removal and also whether it is properly utilised or not.
Section – C
(LITERATURE: TEXTBOOK)
Question 7.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Perhaps the Earth can teach us As when everything seems dead And later proves to be alive Now I’ll count up to twelve And you keep quiet and I will go.
(i) What does the Earth teach us? [1]
(ii) What does the poet mean to achieve by counting up to twelve? [1]
(iii) What is the significance of ‘keeping quiet’? [1]
OR
A flowery band to bind us to the Earth,
Spite of despondence, of the inhuman dearth
of noble natures, of the gloomy days,
Of all the unhealthy and o’er-darkened ways Made for our searching:
OR
(i) What are we doing every day? [1]
(ii) Which evil thing do we possess and suffer from? [1]
(iii) What are the circumstances that contribute towards making humans unhappy and disillusioned with life? [1]
Answer:
(i) The Earth teaches us to remain quiet even in adverse situations.
(ii) The poet, asks us to keep quiet while he counts up to twelve as he wants us to self-analyse.
(iii) It is quite necessary to keep quiet for some time as it would help us introspect and understand ourselves so that we can solve our problems.
OR
(i) Every day we are weaving a beautiful string of flowers that would bind us to earth, and motivate us to live our life happily instead of pain and suffering.
(ii) We possess evils of hatred and jealousy that do not let us live freely and happily. They steal away the joys of life.
(iii) There is competition everywhere and the world is full of selfish people. There is a dearth of goodness and nobility in human nature. This makes us gloomy, unhappy and disillusioned with life.
Question 8.
Answer any three of the following questions in 30-40 words each: [2×3=61
(a) Why has the poet’s mother been compared to the Tate winter’s moon’?
(b) What message does Stephen Spender convey through the poem ‘An Elementary school Classroom in a Slum’?
(c) What was the plea of the folk who had put up the roadside stand?
(d) What will happen to Aunt Jennifer’s tigers when she is dead?
Answer:
(a) The poet’s mother has been compared to the ‘Late winter’s moon because she is too old and tired in the same way as the winter’s moon is dull and without shine.
(b) The poet conveys the message that the life of the children living in slum is limited to their filthy dark room only. They have no future or hope and they don’t know the outer world. This problem can be solved only when a school inspector, educationist or governor comes here.
(c) The men who had put up the roadside stand, pleaded in a pitiable manner to customers as they wanted to earn some money. They wished the city folks to stop there to buy something from them.
(d) After Aunt Jennifer’s death, she will enter another world and her plight would remain the same but her tigers would lead a fearless life and walk with grace, elegance and confidence.
Question 9.
Answer the following questions in 30-40 words each: [2 × 3 = 6]
(a) How did Franz react to the declaration that it was their last French lesson?
(c) How did the instructor turn Douglas into a swimmer?
(d) Why did Sophie like her brother Geoff more than any other person?
Answer:
(a) Franz was shocked to hear that there would be no French lessons from now onwards and felt extremely sorry for neglecting his lessons and regretted not having the chance to learn its grammar rules. His French teacher M. Hamel would also be seen no more in the school.
(c) The instructor taught Douglas to swim step by step. He told him to exercise and practice daily making his limbs and hands stronger. He also taught him to exhale and inhale outside and inside the water. He trained him perfectly by teaching all the strokes of swimming and thus, turned Douglas into a swimmer.
(d) Sophie’s brother Geoff was the only person in her life to whom she could confide. He was an introvert who used to speak very little and so she thought that he would never let any of her secrets out. She felt that she would be safe with him anywhere in this strange world.
Question 10.
Answer the following in 125-150 words : [10]
How did the peddler feel after robbing the crofter? What course did he adopt and how did he react to the new situation? What does his reaction reveal?
Answer:
The peddler robbed thirty kronor from the crofter’s house who gave him shelter for the whole night in his cottage showing him kindness and hospitality. The peddler felt very happy after that and believed that it was not safe to walk along the public highway. So, he went into the woods but lost his way and when he could not get out of it, he thought the whole world with its lands and seas, its cities and villages is nothing but a big ‘rattrap’ and he was the victim of it. He felt that the bait in his case was the money that he had stolen from the crofter’s house. It was now his turn to be caught in the world’s rattrap. Whenever we become the victim of temptations, we get trapped in this vicious circle.
Peddler could not help but think and was trying to prove his act of robbery by thinking that crofter had put the money to trap him due to which, he got tempted. He was not the only one who was tempted, but almost everyone; some or the other day gets trapped.
Question 11.
Answer the following in about 100 words: [5]
Exploitation is a universal phenomenon. The poor indigo farmers were exploited by the British landlords to which Gandhiji objected. Even after our independence, we find the exploitation of unorganized labour:
What values do we learn from Gandhiji’s campaign to counter the present-day problems of exploitation?
Answer:
The conditions that prevailed during the time of Gandhiji are still existing. The weak and the poor are living in the same condition as they used to, before the independence, only the ways of exploitation have altered. The poor sharecroppers were exploited by the British landlords and their lands were snatched from them. Gandhiji fought for them systematically by gathering information and presenting the facts courageously and managed to get justice for the fear-stricken peasants. The striking feature of this was that he did not use any form of violence or unfair means.
These methods can be adopted by us also, as we must be aware of our strengths and weaknesses and then proceed accordingly as one should not fall into the trap by any means. We should never compromise at the cost of our dignity or self-respect and thus sought out the solutions wisely.
Question 12.
Answer the following in 125-150 words : [7]
What is the bond that unites the two-the old Mr Lamb and Derry, the small boy? How does the old man inspire the small boy?
OR
Do you think DDrSadao’s final decision was the best possible one in the circumstances? Why/ why not? Explain concerning the story ‘The Enemy’.
Answer:
Derry and Mr Lamb had the same sense of loneliness and they both lived a secluded life due to their physical inability. Derry experienced Mr Lamb to be a peculiar person saying strange things which he was not able to understand, still, he felt some kind of attraction towards him. He was differently-abled but was calm and maintained peace with people around him. He was not irritated by the children who called him ‘Lamey-Lamb’. Before coming in contact with Mr Lamb, Derry felt lonely due to the behaviour of people but lamb inspired him and filled him with self-confidence and determination. He taught him to live his life to the fullest without brooding over his burnt
face. He told him to move ahead in life as his brain and senses were working completely. He imbibed positive thinking in him and showed him the way to live life despite his inability because he could do much better than others. This was the bond that united both of them.
OR
Yes, Dr Sadao’s final decision was the best possible one in the given circumstances because he was hiding an enemy in his house and everybody was aware of it. Although he had no love for Americans and he was a true patriot still saved him realizing his ‘sacred’ duty to save a dying man. This brought open defiance from his domestic staff and his wife had to do all the household work. Moreover, there was a high risk as he was sheltering an enemy. So, when he felt that the man was out of danger, he helped him to escape. He got a boat ready with food, water and extra clothing and asked the soldier to row the boat to a little island that was not too far from the coast and from there he could take a Korean fishing boat. One evening, there was no signalling and Dr Sadao understood that the man was off safely on a Korean fishing boat and it was then that he had a sound sleep.
Question 13.
Answer the following in 30-40 words: [2 × 2 = 4]
What sort of hunts did the Maharaja offer to organize for the high-ranking British officer? What trait of the officer does it reveal?
OR
What did Jo want the wizard to do when Mommy Skunk approached him?
Answer:
The Maharaja offered to organize every sort of hunt for the high ranking British Officer which also included boar hunt, mouse hunt and so on but refused to entertain the tiger hunt.
The British officer himself was not interested in killing the tiger, he only wanted his photograph beside the body of the dead tiger with a gun in his hand. It reveals that the British officer was a boaster and self-publicist.
OR
Jo wanted the wizard to hit Mommy Skunk because she wanted Roger Skunk to smell foul like before and that’s why she took him to the wizard. There she hit him with the umbrella and Jo disliked it as according to her, the wizard was right.
CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 English 2013 Delhi Set – II
Note: Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.
Section – B
(WRITING SKILLS)
Question 4.
You are General Kanpur Senior Secondary School, Kanpur celebrates ‘No Tobacco Day on 4th September. Write a report in 100-125 words on the activities performed for your school newsletter. You Shobita/Sameer, Cultural Secretary of your school. Invent the necessary details. [10]
OR
As a staff reporter of The Times of India, Delhi, you are asked to cover an incident of daylight robbery on the outskirts of Delhi, While the inmates were present in the house. Write a report in 100-125 words.
Answer:
NO TOBACCO DAY
By Sameer/phobia (Cultural Secretary)
4th June 20XX was celebrated as ‘No Tobacco Day’ by our school. An interesting and educative programme was organised to highlight the evil effects of tobacco on the human body. The programme was inaugurated by the Director of Education. Students had exhibited pictures, posters and cartoons depicting the harms of smoking. A demonstration was presented to highlight the miserable state of tobacco addicts. The messages ‘No Smoking’ and ‘Smoking is injurious to health’ were preached quite overtly. Then, the school doctor gave an illuminating discourse, on the harms caused by tobacco. He used slides, graphs and pictures to illuminate his talk. A short film was also screened to drive home the menace caused by tobacco smoking or chewing. The plight of the patients of cancer, caused by tobacco, made us shudder. We resolved not to smoke or chew tobacco.
OR
A DAYLIGHT ROBBERY
By Xyz (TOI, Correspondent)
New Delhi, 2nd March, 20XX: A daring daylight robbery occurred today in the house of Mr William at 2.00 p.m. After lunch, the inmates were enjoying their afternoon siesta, when a group of masked young men entered the house, from the rooftop. At first, they shut all the doors from inside and bolted the main gate from within. They cut off the telephone connection and then pointed their gun at the chest of Mr William and demanded the keys of the safe, in which ornaments, cash, valuables and other important documents were kept. The head of the family was helpless and had to submit the keys. According to Mr William, the robbers decamped with all the cash and jewellery they could. There was no loss of life. Personal rivalry is assumed to be one of the motives behind the crime.
Question 5.
You are Kamini/Kamal of 10, Civil Lines Extension, Chanakyapuri, Agra. The main road leading to your locality has three open manholes causing frequent accidents at night, especially during the rainy season. Write a letter to the Editor, Of The Times of India drawing the attention of the Municipal Commissioner to this problem of the residents. [10]
OR
You are Anoop/Akriti, of Baden Powel Senior Secondary School, Delhi. Write a letter to the Sales Manager, Apama Publishing House, placing an order for the books (minimum four titles) for your school library. Invent the necessary details.
Answer:
10, Civil lines Extension,
Chanakyapuri, Agra.
20th June, 20XX
The Editor,
The Times of India,
Subject: Open Manholes in the locality
Dear Sir,
Through the column of your esteemed daily, I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authority to the problem caused by three open man-holes, on the main road of our locality. The number of accidents has increased due to these, especially during the rainy season. School students are vulnerable to such situations. All the complaint letters were written
to the concerned authorities till
date have been in vain. The manholes need to be cemented at the earliest to avoid future mishaps.
ThankYou
Yours Sincerely,
Kamini/Kamal
OR
Baden Powel Sr. Secondary School,
Delhi.
20th July, 20XX
Sales Manager,
Aparna Publishing House,
Delhi.
Subject: Order for Books
Dear Sir,
We have been purchasing books from you for the past ten years and hence we want to place an order for the following books for our school library.
Items | Quantity | |
1. | CBSE Complete Course English Core Class XIIth.
|
5 |
2. | CBSE Political Science Textbook Class XIIth | 20 |
3. | CBSE Biology Part I and II 10 Textbook Class XIIth.
|
10 |
4. | CBSE Home science Textbook 25 Class XIIth.
|
25 |
Kindly, send these books and provide us with the necessary discount. Payment will be done by cheque after receiving the books.
Thank You.
Yours Sincerely,
Anoop/Akriti
Section – C
(LITERATURE: TEXTBOOK)
Question 9.
Answer any three of the following question in 30-40 words each : [6]
(a) How did Franz react to the declaration that it was their last French lesson?
(b) What made the lawyer lose his job? What was about it? (Poets and Pancakes)
Answer:
(a) Franz is overwhelmed with a feeling of remorse and regret when he heard that henceforth only German was to be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. He wished that he had spent so much time in trivial pursuit like seeking birds eggs, or going sliding in the saar. The books that seemed such a nuisance earlier appeared like an old friend now.
Question 13.
Answer the following in 30-40 words each: [8]
(c) What according to the author, Tishani Doshi are the issues engaging public attention and interest during our tone?**
CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 English 2013 Delhi Set – III
Note: Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in previous sets.
Section – B
(WRITING SKILLS)
Question 3.
You are Smitha/Sunil, Secretary AVM Housing Society. You are going to organize a yoga camp. Write a notice in not more than 50 words, urging the members of your society to come in large numbers to attend the camp. Invent all the necessary details. [5]
Answer:
AVM HOUSING SOCIETY, DELHI 1st March, 20XX REJUVENATION YOGA CAMP All residents are hereby informed that a yoga camp is being organised from March 5, 20XX to April 5, 20XX, at 6:00 am, in the Central Park of the Society. Residents from all age groups can participate in the camp. Please get yourselves registered at the earliest by contacting the undersigned. |
Question 5.
You are Kamini/Kamal of 10, Civil Lines Extension, Chanakyapuri, Agra. The main road leading to your locality has three open manholes causing frequent accidents at night, especially during the rainy season. Write a letter to the Editor, Of The Times of India drawing the attention of the Municipal Commissioner to this problem of the residents. [10]
OR
You are Anoop/Akriti, of Baden Powel Senior Secondary School, Delhi. Write a letter to the Sales Manager, Apama Publishing House, placing an order for the books (minimum four titles) for your school library. Invent the necessary details.
Answer:
10, Civil lines Extension,
Chanakyapuri, Agra.
20th June, 20XX
The Editor,
The Times of India,
Subject: Open Manholes in the locality
Dear Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the havoc created by the stray animals in the city. These animals are left to roam during the busy hours of the day, resulting in huge traffic jams due to which the public has to face a lot of problems. Sometimes, accidents also take place as they appear suddenly in front of moving vehicles. The concerned authorities have already been notified but no action has been taken yet. The issue needs to be addressed at the earliest, to avoid any such inconvenience and mishaps.
Thank you.
Yours Sincerely,
Shantha/Suresh
OR
Zenith Public School,
Kosi Kalan.
25th May, 20XX
Sales Manager
Bharat Electronics and Domestic Appliances Ltd.
New Delhi
Subject: Placing an order for Electronic Appliances
Dear Sir,
We need to purchase some electronic items for the school hostel. The list of items is as follows :
Items | Quantity | |
1. | Ceiling fans | 10 |
2. | Microwave ovens | 5 |
3. | Geysers | 6 |
All the items should be properly checked and delivered at the school hostel between 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Please make sure to give the necessary discount permissible on every item. The payment will be done through cheque only after the delivery of the items.
Thank You.
Yours Sincerely,
Nalini/Vishal
Hostel Warden
Section – C
(LITERATURE: TEXTBOOK)
Question 8.
Answer the following in 30-40 words each:
(b) The poet says, ‘And yet, for these children, these windows, not this map, their world’. Which world do these children belong to? Which world is inaccessible to them?
Answer:
(b) Through these words, the poet is conveying the message that the children dwelling in the slums have no idea of the outer world. They are living a dark and gloomy life, with no future or hope. The world map hanging in their classroom is meaningless to them. They have the view of the outer world only through the windows of the classroom. So, these windows should be much bigger so that the children may be able to come out of them.
Question 9.
Answer the following in 30-40 words each: [2]
(a) What did M. Hamel tell them about the French language? What did he ask them to do and why?
Answer:
(a) It was, the last day of M. Hamel in the school and he told them the importance of the French language. He praised the language as the most beautiful and sweetest language in the world. If one keeps his language with him, he can liberate himself from any type of slavery.