Table of Contents
What is the Volhard Method?
The Volhard Method is a technique used to determine the sex of a dog. It is based on the observation that male dogs have a higher urinary concentration of testosterone than female dogs. The Volhard Method involves taking a urine sample from a dog and testing it for the presence of testosterone. If the concentration of testosterone is high, the dog is likely to be male. If the concentration of testosterone is low, the dog is likely to be female.
Volhard Method Procedure
The Volhard method is a procedure used to determine the empirical formula of a compound. The method begins by dissolving the compound in a solvent and then evaporating the solvent. The residue then heated until it vaporizes, and the weight of the vapor recorded. The vapor then cooled and the weight of the liquid recorded. The difference in weight is the weight of the compound. The compound then analyzed to determine the percentage of each element in the compound. The empirical formula then determined by dividing the weight of each element by the percentage of that element in the compound.
The Function of Red Phosphorus
- Red phosphorus a nonmetallic element that found in Group V of the periodic table.
- It is a translucent, red, waxy solid that is insoluble in water.
- It used in the manufacture of matches, flares, and fireworks.
- Red phosphorus used in the manufacture of matches because it is a good fire starter.
- It also used in flares and fireworks because it is a good heat source.
Condition for the Hell Volhard Zelinsky Reaction Mechanism
The Hell Volhard Zelinsky reaction mechanism is a two-step process in which a carbanion generated from an alkyl halide in the first step and then converted to an alkene in the second step. The first step is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the alkyl halide replaced by a nucleophile, such as an alkoxide ion. The second step is an elimination reaction in which the carbanion converted to an alkene by the removal of a hydrogen atom.
The most important condition for the Hell Volhard Zelinsky reaction mechanism is the presence of a good nucleophile in the first step. The most common nucleophiles alkoxide ions, which generated by the addition of water to an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal halide. Other good nucleophiles include amines, thiols, and sulfides.
The second step of the Hell Volhard Zelinsky reaction mechanism is the elimination reaction. This step most efficient when the carbanion stabilized by a good electron-withdrawing group. The most common electron-withdrawing groups are halides, sulfonates, and nitro groups.
