Table of Contents
Organic Reactions Introduction
Organic reactions are chemical reactions that involve organic molecules. Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon atoms. Organic reactions are important because they are used to produce many of the molecules that we use in everyday life. Some common organic molecules include fuels, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
There are many different types of organic reactions. Some common types of organic reactions include oxidation-reduction reactions, addition reactions, and elimination reactions. In an oxidation-reduction reaction, one organic molecule is oxidized and another is reduced. In an addition reaction, two organic molecules combine to form a new molecule. In an elimination reaction, one organic molecule is eliminated from a molecule.
Organic reactions are typically catalyzed by enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. Enzymes are important because they allow organic reactions to occur at relatively low temperatures and pressures. This allows for the production of large quantities of molecules in a relatively short time.
Substitution Reaction or Displacement Reaction
A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. In a displacement reaction, one atom displaces another atom in a molecule.
Organic Chemistry Reactions List
The following is a list of some basic organic chemistry reactions.
1. Substitution reactions
2. Elimination reactions
3. Addition reactions
4. Rearrangement reactions
Organic Reactions
An organic reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the organic molecules. Organic molecules are those that contain carbon. Carbon is unique in that it can form very strong chemical bonds with itself and with other elements. This allows for the formation of very large and complex molecules.
1. Substitution Reaction
In a substitution reaction, one atom or molecule is replaced by another atom or molecule. There are many types of substitution reactions, but the most common is the S N 2 reaction. In this type of reaction, a molecule of chlorine gas is substituted for a molecule of hydrogen gas in an organic molecule.
Nucleophilic Substitution
Nucleophilic substitution is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry in which a nucleophile attacks a substrate, and a new molecule is formed. The nucleophile is usually a negatively charged atom or molecule. The most common nucleophiles are the halogens: chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
The electrophilic substitution reaction is a type of organic reaction in which an electron-rich atom or group, called the electrophile, attacks a molecule, causing the electron-deficient atom or group, called the nucleophile, to leave. The nucleophile can then combine with another molecule, forming a new molecule.
The electrophile is attached to the carbon atom that is to be substituted. The nucleophile is attached to the oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group.
Radical Substitution Reaction
A substitution reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a functional group in a molecule is replaced by another functional group. The most common type of substitution reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction, in which a nucleophile replaces a leaving group.
A radical substitution reaction is a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a functional group. The most common type of radical substitution reaction is a radical substitution reaction, in which a radical replaces a functional group.
Organometallic Substitution Reaction
A substitution reaction in which a ligand is replaced by another ligand that is bound to the metal by a covalent bond.
2. Addition Reaction
In an addition reaction, two molecules join together to form a new molecule. The simplest type of addition reaction is a reaction between a molecule of hydrogen and a molecule of oxygen to form water.
H 2 + O 2 → H 2 O
3. Elimination Reaction
In an elimination reaction, one or more atoms are removed from a molecule. This can happen in one of two ways:
1. E2 Reaction
In an E2 reaction, a molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules. One of the smaller molecules is a hydrogen atom, and the other is an alkane. The hydrogen atom is removed from the alkane molecule.
2. E1 Reaction
In an E1 reaction, a molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules. One of the smaller molecules is an alkene, and the other is an alkane. The alkene molecule is removed from the alkane molecule.
4. Rearrangement Reaction
In this type of reaction, the atoms in a molecule are rearranged to form a new molecule. This can happen in two ways: by breaking and forming covalent bonds, or by transferring electrons. Rearrangement reactions are often catalyzed by enzymes.
5. Condensation Reaction
A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or ions join together to form a larger molecule or ion. In a condensation reaction, a water molecule is lost.
6. Pericyclic Reaction
A pericyclic reaction is a type of organic reaction that involves the concerted motion of pi electrons in a cycle. The name pericyclic is derived from the fact that the electrons orbit the nucleus in a cyclical fashion. Pericyclic reactions are generally quite fast and occur without the need for a catalyst. Some of the most common pericyclic reactions include the Diels-Alder reaction and the Simmons-Smith reaction.
7.Polymerization Reaction
The polymerization reaction is the process of creating a polymer from individual monomers. The reaction is typically initiated by a catalyst, and it proceeds through a series of steps known as initiation, propagation, and termination.
