Solution:
The correct answer is option 3. Federations have been formed through two routes. One route involves independent states coming together on their own to create a bigger unit. The second route is where a large country divides its powers between the states and the national government.The formation of federations was based on its historical context. The federations adopted two different ways-the ‘coming together’ unions and the ‘holding together’ federations. When the central administration decides to divide its jurisdiction among other states. However, in such cases, the central government is the most powerful, and authority is distributed asymmetrically between the centre and the state. This is referred to as ‘holding together federations’. India is an example of holding together federations. On the other hand, when many states join together to establish a government to increase their certainty by pooling autonomy, every state has equal jurisdiction in this federation. This is known as the ‘coming together’ federation—for example, the USA.
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