Table of Contents
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles Topic- Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Topic- Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology and all chapter Topics produced by qualified teachers according to NCERT (CBSE) book rules are available as a free PDF download. Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Topic- Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology Questions with Solutions to assist you in revising the entire syllabus and achieving higher grades. Register to receive all exercise solutions through email.
Overview of Topic
The process of creating artificial DNA by mixing genetic material from various sources is known as Recombinant DNA Technology, or genetic engineering. This technology began when Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber discovered restriction enzymes in 1968.
Incorporating a desired gene into a host’s genome isn’t straightforward. It involves picking the gene to use, selecting a suitable vector to integrate it into, and forming recombinant DNA. After that, the recombinant DNA needs to be introduced into the host, maintained, and passed on to offspring.
Tools of Recombinant Technology
Enzymes like restriction enzymes cut DNA, polymerases build it, and ligases join it. In genetic engineering, restriction enzymes are crucial for placing genes into DNA strands. They come in two types: Endonucleases cut within the strand, while Exonucleases trim the ends. These enzymes precisely cut DNA at specific points, creating sticky ends that make binding easier for ligases.
Vectors, like plasmids and bacteriophages, carry and integrate genes. They’re essential in genetic engineering as they transport genes into host organisms. Vectors consist of an origin of replication, a selectable marker for resistance to antibiotics, and cloning sites for gene insertion.
The host organism receives the engineered vector with the desired DNA, facilitated by enzymes. There are various methods for inserting recombinant DNAs into hosts, such as microinjection, biolistics (using a gene gun), and temperature changes with calcium ions.
Process of Recombinant DNA Technology
The whole process of recombinant DNA technology involves several steps carried out in a specific order to create the desired product.
Step 1: Extracting Genetic Material
Initially, the target DNA is separated from other substances to obtain it in its pure form.
Step 2: Cutting the Gene at Specific Sites
Special enzymes, called restriction enzymes, are used to cut the gene at specific spots. These cuts are crucial for inserting the gene into another DNA.
Step 3: Making Copies of the Gene with PCR
The gene of interest is amplified using a method called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which creates numerous copies of the gene from just one original piece.
Step 4: Joining DNA Fragments Together
The cut DNA fragment and a carrier molecule, called a vector, are connected using an enzyme called DNA ligase.
Step 5: Putting Recombinant DNA into Host Cells
The modified DNA is inserted into host cells in a process called transformation. Inside the host cell, the DNA multiplies and produces the desired protein.
Various methods mentioned in the tools of recombinant DNA technology can achieve this transformation effectively. The modified genes are passed on to offspring through successfully transformed cells/organisms.
Importance of NCERT Solutions
The National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is a body charged with establishing norms and standards aimed at making education more accessible to all students across the country. INFINITY learns to customize and release its content based on these concepts, which you as a student can benefit from. Math is a subject that can only be mastered by consistent practice. INFINITY learns the main goal is to assist students to understand the factors that influence their ability to answer arithmetic problems efficiently. Class 12 Chapter 11. As a result, the solutions will assist you in better comprehending the chapter on Functions. As a result, you will gain confidence and, as a result, your grades will increase in the long run.
Quality of Solutions/Prepared by Expert Teachers
All of the solutions in INFINITY learn Chapter 11 Class 12 Biology are 110 percent genuine since different approaches to answering a problem have been indicated. Our organization exclusively hires teachers who are both highly experienced and possess the necessary mathematics skills. Similarly, all of the solutions supplied are correct because they were developed under the supervision of experts.
Helps in Scoring high Marks
If a student’s core understanding is solid, all of the related difficulties can be solved by using the fundamental notion. The solutions in Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 have been designed to cover all of the principles of functions. We make certain that you comprehend how each mathematical step is applied. Each problem has been meticulously examined in depth. As a result, make use of INFINITY learn’s online curriculum to improve your grades in the long run.
FAQs on NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes 11.2 Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
Explain PCR?
PCR, short for Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a technique used to make many copies of a specific part of DNA. It works like a photocopier for DNA in a test tube, creating multiple copies of a DNA fragment or gene of interest.
What is the Principle of Recombinant DNA Technology?
Recombinant DNA technology changes how an organism looks by using a transformed vector. This vector, like a tool, is put into the organism's genetic material. The process adds a new DNA with the gene we want into the host's genetic material. This special gene is called recombinant gene, and the whole process is called recombinant DNA technology. Doing this needs some basic tools. Adding the gene we want into the host's genetic material is hard. It requires putting the gene into the host with the help of a vector. This vector helps the gene fit into the host's genetic material, making the recombinant DNA. Then, this DNA is put into the host, where it stays and moves forward.
When was this technology discovered and how?
The structure of DNA was first found in 1869 by a Swiss scientist named Friedrich Miescher. He stumbled upon a molecule he called nuclein (DNA plus associated protein) while studying white blood cells. Later, in 1968, Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber discovered recombinant DNA technology, which involves restriction enzymes. Today, we often refer to this technology as Genetic Engineering in the scientific and biological fields.
