1. In which year did the Great Depression start?
The Great Depression began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. It was the worst economic downturn in world history.
Where were most of the large scale industries located in 1911?
The location of large-scale industries in 1911 depended on the type of industry. For example, there were many textile mills in New England, while the Midwest was home to many agricultural processing plants.
The very first section of the underground railways in the world was opened in which city?
The first section of an underground railway in the world was opened in London on January 10, 1863.
2. Which is the oldest printed Japanese book?
There is no definitive answer to this question as it depends on how one defines “oldest.” If one considers a book to be old if it is from before the Meiji period (1868-1912), then the oldest printed Japanese book would be the Kojiki, which was published in 712. If, however, one considers a book to be old if it is from before the Edo period (1603-1868), then the oldest printed Japanese book would be the Fusuma-e Emaki, which was published in 1293.
Which country was the first where novel took firm root?
The answer to this question is not clear. There are several countries where the novel took hold at different times. The first novels are believed to have been written in China in the Tang Dynasty, which began in the 7th century. However, novels did not become popular in Europe until the 18th century.
3. What is the state religion of Sri Lanka?
The state religion of Sri Lanka is Buddhism. Buddhism is the main religion in Sri Lanka, and the majority of the population practices it. Sri Lanka is a Buddhist majority country, and the Sinhalese people, who are the majority ethnic group in Sri Lanka, are predominantly Buddhist. Buddhism has been the dominant religion in Sri Lanka since the arrival of Buddhism in the country in the 3rd century BC.
4. By which name the rural local government is popularly known?
The rural local government is popularly known as the Panchayati Raj.
5. Name any two elements that show the basic unity in India?
1. India is a secular country with a diverse population.
2. India is a democratic country with a federal structure.
6. Which area of the world has the largest crude oil reserves?
There is no definitive answer to this question as different parts of the world have different amounts of crude oil reserves. However, it is generally thought that the Middle East has the largest reserves of crude oil in the world. This is due to the large amount of oil reserves that are located in countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran.
7. What do final goods and services mean?
A final good or service is one that is used for consumption and not for the production of other goods or services. Final goods and services are the end products of the economy and the ones that people use to satisfy their needs and wants. They can be classified into three categories: consumer goods, capital goods, and services.
Consumer goods are things that people use to satisfy their everyday needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter. Capital goods are the tools and machines that are used to produce other goods and services. Services are the work that is done for people, such as medical care, education, and transportation.
Final goods and services are important because they are the products that people use to improve their standard of living. They provide the jobs and the income that are necessary for economic growth and prosperity.
8. Write three activities which belong to the primary sector?
Farming, fishing, and forestry are activities which belong to the primary sector.
9. Explain the three types of flows within international economy in exchanges?
There are three types of flows within international economy: goods, services, and finance. Goods are tangible objects that are transported across borders, such as cars, food, and clothes. Services are activities that are performed over the phone or internet, such as doctor appointments and banking. Finance is the movement of money, such as investment and loans.
The flows of goods, services, and finance are all important for international trade. Goods are the most visible type of trade, and they are often what people think of when they think of international trade. Services are becoming increasingly important, as more and more services are being performed over the internet. And finance is essential for trade, as it allows businesses to invest and borrow money.
The flows of goods, services, and finance are also interconnected. Goods can only be traded if there is someone who wants to buy them, and services can only be traded if there is someone who wants to use them. And businesses need finance in order to trade goods and services.
The flows of goods, services, and finance are also changing over time. The internet is making it easier for businesses to trade services, and new financial technologies are making it easier for businesses to move money around the world. These changes are making it easier for businesses to trade with each other and to grow their businesses.
Describe the function performed by supply merchants in export trade?
Supply merchants are responsible for acquiring the necessary goods for export and ensuring that they are delivered to the designated port in time for the ship to set sail. They also work with freight forwarders to make sure that the goods are shipped in an efficient and timely manner. In addition, supply merchants often provide export financing to help companies get their products to foreign markets.
State any three characteristics of the ancient cities?
The ancient cities were typically built on a hill or a mound to make them easier to defend. They were also typically surrounded by a wall or fortification to keep out enemies. And finally, the ancient cities were often planned out in a grid pattern to make them easier to navigate
10. Highlight any three circumstances that led to the intermingling of the hearing culture and the reading culture?
- Printing technology allowed for the widespread dissemination of texts, which made it possible for people to learn about other cultures and to exchange ideas.
- The rise of universities and the spread of education allowed for the exchange of knowledge and the development of new ideas.
- The rise of the vernacular allowed for people to read texts in their own language, which made it easier for them to understand and learn from them.
On which issue and what did Charles Dickens wrote in his novel ‘Hard Times’? Describe.
Charles Dickens wrote Hard Times to depict the harsh living conditions of the working class during the Industrial Revolution. The novel centers around the fictional town of Coketown, which is based on the real town of Manchester. In Coketown, the workers are forced to toil in factories under terrible conditions for little pay. They are also subjected to the strict rules of Mr. Bounderby, the owner of one of the factories. Dickens portrays the townspeople as being hard-working but also deeply unhappy.
11. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources?
A renewable resource is a natural resource that can be replenished or replaced by natural processes. A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be replaced or replenished.
Renewable resources include water, air, sunlight, and plant life. Non-renewable resources include fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and minerals, such as copper and gold.
Renewable resources are important because they are sustainable. This means that they can be used over and over again without damaging the environment. Non-renewable resources are not sustainable because they can be used up and cannot be replaced.
Renewable resources are important for two reasons. First, they are sustainable, which means they can be used over and over again without damaging the environment. Second, they are free. Non-renewable resources are important because they are not renewable. This means that they can be used up and cannot be replaced. Non-renewable resources are not free, because they cost money to extract and process.
12. Explain resource planning. What are the steps involved in resource planning?
Resource planning is the process of forecasting future resource needs and ensuring that the necessary resources are available when they are needed. The steps involved in resource planning include:
- Establishing the organization’s goals and objectives.
- Determining the resources that will be needed to achieve the organization’s goals.
- Forecasting future demand for resources.
- Determining the availability of resources.
- Planning for the acquisition of resources.
- Monitoring the use of resources and making necessary adjustments.
13. Distinguish between endangered species and vulnerable species of wild animals. Give one example of each?
Endangered species are those that are in danger of becoming extinct in the wild in the near future. Vulnerable species are those that are likely to become endangered in the near future if nothing is done to protect them.
One example of an endangered species is the black rhinoceros. There are only about 5,000 black rhinos remaining in the wild, and they are threatened by poaching and habitat loss. One example of a vulnerable species is the giant panda. There are only about 1,600 giant pandas remaining in the wild, and they are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation.
14. Explain the working of underground tanks as a part of roof top rainwater harvesting system practised in Rajasthan?
An underground tank is a tank that is buried in the ground. It is used to collect rainwater from a roof. The rainwater flows from the roof into the underground tank. The tank can then be used to water plants or to flush toilets.
15. After 1990, globalisation has caused difficulties to Indian farmers. How do you think the lot of farmers can be improved in India?
There is no single answer to the question of how to improve the lot of Indian farmers. Some solutions include improving infrastructure, such as increasing the availability of irrigation; providing better access to credit, technology, and markets; and investing in rural education and health care. The government could also consider implementing policies that support small-scale farmers and protect them from economic shocks. Farmers’ organisations could also play a role in advocating for better policies and helping farmers access resources.
16. What is majoritarianism ? Describe the majoritarianism measures adopted by Sri Lankan government to establish Sinhala supremacy ?
Majoritarianism is a political system where the majority rules, typically through the election of representatives. This system typically allows the majority to steamroll over the rights of the minority, which can result in discrimination or persecution.
Sri Lanka is a majority Sinhalese Buddhist country, and the government has adopted a number of majoritarian measures in order to establish Sinhala supremacy. These measures include the Sinhala Only Act of 1956, which made Sinhala the official language, and the 1983 Constitution, which declared Buddhism the state religion. The government has also enacted laws and regulations that privilege Sinhalese Buddhists over other groups, such as the Muslim and Tamil minorities. This has resulted in discrimination and persecution against these groups, including violence, torture, and forced displacement.
17. Do you think that social divisions are always dangerous? Explain
There is no easy answer for this question. It depends on the context in which the social divisions exist, and on the individual’s perspective.
In some cases, social divisions can be quite dangerous, leading to conflict and even violence. For example, racial or ethnic divisions can be a source of tension and hostility. Religious divisions can also be a cause of violence, as seen in the sectarian violence that often occurs in places like Iraq and Northern Ireland.
In other cases, social divisions may not be as dangerous. For example, if people have different political opinions, they may disagree but they are not likely to fight or kill each other over their differences. Or, if people have different social backgrounds, they may be interested in learning more about each other and may not feel threatened by the differences.
Ultimately, it is up to the individual to decide whether social divisions are dangerous or not. Some people may feel more comfortable in societies that are divided into clearly defined groups, while others may feel more threatened by such divisions. It is important to remember that it is not always easy to tell which divisions are harmful and which ones are not.
18. Explain the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?
There is a considerable disparity between the representation of women in India’s legislative bodies and their population in the country. In the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha, women hold only 12 percent of the seats, which is far lower than the global average of 23 percent. In the upper house, the Rajya Sabha, women’s representation is marginally better at 27 percent.
This disparity is also reflected in India’s state assemblies. As of January 2016, women held only 12 percent of the seats in state assemblies, with the lowest representation in the North East region where women hold only 3 percent of the seats.
There are several factors that contribute to the low representation of women in India’s legislative bodies. Firstly, the process of nominating candidates for elections is highly biased against women. The major political parties in India are largely controlled by men, and the selection of candidates is often based on personal loyalties and partisan interests rather than on the qualifications of the candidates. Secondly, women are often not given the same opportunities as men to participate in the political process. They are not given equal access to resources such as education, information, and financial resources, and they are often not taken seriously by political parties and the media. Finally, traditional gender roles continue to play a role in limiting women’s participation in politics. Women are often expected to prioritize the needs of their family over their own political aspirations, and they are not given the same level of support from their families and communities as men are.
Despite these challenges, women in India are slowly starting to make their voices heard in the political process. In recent years, there has been a growing movement of women’s empowerment and political participation, and more women are running for office and winning elections. In the 2016 state assembly elections, for example, the number of women elected to state assemblies increased by 50 percent.
There are a number of initiatives that can be taken to further increase the representation of women in India’s legislative bodies. One important step is to increase the number of women who are elected to local government offices. This will give women more experience in running for office, and it will also give them a voice in the political process at the local level. Secondly, it is important to increase the number of women who are involved in the political process as political party members and activists. Political parties should make a concerted effort to
19. Describe any three features of a developed country?
A developed country is typically characterized as having a high level of economic development, as well as high levels of political and social stability. Additionally, a developed country typically has a high per capita income, and a high Human Development Index.
20. State the criterion used by the World Bank as per World Development Report 2006, in classifying the countries. How did the World Bank define low and high income countries {based on this report)?
The World Bank uses GNI per capita as the criterion to classify countries into low income, middle income, and high income countries. Low income countries are those with a GNI per capita of $995 or less, middle income countries are those with a GNI per capita of $996 to $12,055, and high income countries are those with a GNI per capita of $12,056 or more.
21. “All the service sectors are not growing equally well in India.” Justify the statement with three arguments?
The service sectors are not growing equally well in India due to various reasons. Firstly, the informal sector is growing much faster than the formal sector. This is because the informal sector is more labour-intensive and employs more women and lower-caste people than the formal sector. Secondly, the rural service sector is growing much faster than the urban service sector. This is because the rural service sector is more labour-intensive and employs more women and lower-caste people than the urban service sector. Lastly, the unorganised sector is growing much faster than the organised sector. This is because the unorganised sector is more labour-intensive and employs more women and lower-caste people than the organised sector.
22. Describe in brief the economic conditions of the post First World War period?
The First World War had a devastating impact on the world economy. The war destroyed physical capital and disrupted international trade. The economies of Europe were in shambles when the war ended in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles, which ended the war, imposed heavy reparations payments on Germany. These payments contributed to the hyperinflation that plagued Germany in the early 1920s. The global economy recovered slowly in the 1920s. The United States was the only major economy that avoided a major depression. The Great Depression began in the United States in 1929 and spread to the rest of the world.
Why was a jobber employed ? How did a jobber misuse his position and power ? Explain.
A jobber was employed to provide goods to retailers. He would buy in bulk and then sell to retailers at a profit. He would also act as a middleman between the producer and the retailer. A jobber could misuse his position and power by overcharging the retailer for the goods. He could also sell goods that were not of a good quality.
Ties between members of households loosened in Britain in the era of industrialisation. Explain the statement.
The ties between members of households were loosened in Britain in the era of industrialisation. This statement is supported by the fact that during this time, there was an increase in the number of people who left their homes to find work in factories and other industrial establishments. This led to a decline in the traditional family unit, as people were no longer able to rely on one another for support. In addition, the growth of the labour market meant that people were able to earn a living wage without having to rely on the income of other members of their family.
23. What difference did printing technology make in the lives of women and children in the 19th century
Printing technology made a significant difference in the lives of women and children in the 19th century by making it easier for them to obtain information and to communicate with each other. Before printing technology was invented, books were handwritten and rare, so most people were unable to read. With the invention of the printing press, books could be printed quickly and cheaply, making them more accessible to the general population. This made it easier for women and children to learn and to communicate with each other. It also helped to spread ideas and information about women’s rights and other important topics.
“Novels wee useful for both the colonial administrators and Indians in colonial India.” Support the statement with example.
Novels were an important tool for the British in India because they provided a way for the British to understand Indian culture and the people. The novels also allowed for the British to better administer India by providing a way for the British to see the world through Indian eyes. For the Indians, novels were a way to express themselves and to share their stories with others.
24. “From the late 19th century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Support the statement by giving examples
There are many examples of printed tracts and essays that discuss caste discrimination in the late 19th century. For instance, in 1881, J. A. Fuller published an essay titled “The Caste System of India” in which he discussed the “closed system of caste” that prevented social mobility and limited opportunities for many Indians. In 1894, John Andrew wrote an essay titled “The Hindu Castes” in which he argued that the caste system was a form of social control used by the British to maintain their power in India. These are just a few examples of the many printed tracts and essays that were written about caste discrimination in the late 19th century.
The early novelists in India played a significant role in spreading social awareness. Justify the statement with examples.
The early novelists in India played an important role in spreading social awareness. They wrote about the problems faced by the society and the need for reform. Some of the most famous early novelists in India were Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Saratchandra Chattopadhyay, Munshi Premchand, and Rabindranath Tagore.
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was one of the earliest Indian novelists. His novel, Anandamath, dealt with the need for social reform in India. It was highly critical of the British rule in India. Saratchandra Chattopadhyay was another early Indian novelist. His novel, Charitraheen, dealt with the problems of adultery and divorce. Munshi Premchand was a well-known Indian writer who wrote about the problems faced by the poor in India. His novel, Godan, deals with the problems of rural poverty. Rabindranath Tagore was a Nobel Laureate who wrote about the need for spiritual and social reform in India. His novel, Gitanjali, deals with the spiritual and cultural heritage of India.
The early novelists in India played an important role in spreading social awareness. They wrote about the problems faced by the society and the need for reform. Their novels were highly influential and helped to bring about social change in India.
25. “Forests play a key role in the ecological system.” Highlight the values of forest in our life
Forests have been an important part of human life since the beginning of civilization. They provide us with food, clothing, shelter, and fuel. Forests also play a key role in the ecological system, regulating the climate, purifying the air and water, and providing a home for plants and animals.
Forests are valuable to us for many reasons. They provide us with food, clothing, and shelter. Forests are a source of renewable energy, and they help regulate the climate. Forests also play a key role in the ecological system, purifying the air and water, and providing a home for plants and animals.
Forests are important to the environment for many reasons. They help regulate the climate, purifying the air and water, and providing a home for plants and animals. Forests are also a source of renewable energy
26. “Local governments have made a significant impact on Indian democracy. At the same time there are many difficulties.”
Local governments have made a significant impact on Indian democracy by giving a voice to the people at the grassroots level. However, there are many difficulties that local governments face in India, such as a lack of financial resources and a lack of power to make decisions.
One of the main advantages of local governments is that they give a voice to the people at the grassroots level. Local governments are closer to the people and can better understand their needs and wants. This helps to ensure that the voices of the people are heard and that their needs are taken into account.
However, local governments in India face many difficulties. One of the biggest problems is a lack of financial resources. Local governments often do not have enough money to carry out their functions effectively. This limits their ability to provide important services to the people and to make decisions that impact their lives.
Another difficulty that local governments face is a lack of power to make decisions. Many decisions that are made at the local level are either not respected or are overturned by higher levels of government. This can be frustrating for local governments and can limit their ability to make progress.
Despite these difficulties, local governments in India have made a significant impact on democracy. They have given a voice to the people and have helped to ensure that their needs are taken into account. They have also played an important role in the development and have helped to bring progress to the grassroots level.
27. Examine the standard of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies
According to the World Bank, India is the world’s largest democracy, with over 1.3 billion people. India also has a very large population of women, with over 48% of the population being female. Despite this, Indian women are severely underrepresented in the country’s legislative bodies.
As of August 2017, only 11% of the members of India’s parliament were women. This is significantly lower than the global average of 23%, and places India in the bottom third of countries worldwide in terms of women’s representation in parliament. In terms of state legislatures, the numbers are even more dismal. As of January 2016, only 9% of state legislators in India were women.
There are a number of factors that contribute to this lack of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies. Firstly, traditional gender roles continue to play a significant role in Indian society. Women are often seen as responsible for domestic duties, while men are seen as the breadwinners. This traditional gender role differentiation often leads to women being less likely to be involved in politics.
Secondly, there is a significant lack of female political leaders in India. This lack of female role models often discourages women from entering politics. Additionally, women who do enter politics often face significant discrimination and harassment. For example, in August 2017, prominent Indian politician Jaya Bachchan was heckled by her male colleagues in parliament, and was called a “prostitute” and a “witch”.
Finally, Indian women face significant barriers to political participation. These barriers include a lack of financial resources, lack of access to education and training, and cultural and social barriers.
Despite the significant barriers that Indian women face, there are a number of initiatives that are working to increase women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies. For example, the Election Commission of India has implemented a number of measures to increase women’s participation in elections, such as increasing the number of women’s polling stations and providing financial assistance to female candidates.
Additionally, a number of civil society organisations are working to increase women’s political participation. These organisations provide women with training and education in politics, and work to create a more inclusive political environment for women.
While there is still a long way to go, there are a number of initiatives that are working to increase women’s
28. How has the World Development Report classified the countries ? What are the limitations of this report?
The World Development Report (WDR) is an annual report published by the World Bank. The report classifies countries into four income groups: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high. The report has several limitations, including that it does not take into account the differences in development between countries within each income group. Additionally, the report does not take into account other factors, such as the level of development within a country or the level of inequality within a country.
